Canker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands

. 2018 Apr 30;40:182–220. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.08

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:

Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).

Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes.

No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.

For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — Accumulated number of important *Phytophthora* declines and diebacks of forests and natural ecosystems over time; 1 = ink disease of *Castanea sativa* in Europe (observation of first typical symptoms in 1838); 2 = ink disease of *Castanea dentata* in the USA (observation of first typical symptoms in 1824); 3 = decline of *Fagus sylvatica* in the UK; 4 = littleleaf disease of pines in the USA; 5 = decline and mortality of *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana* in the Pacific Northwest; 6 = jarrah dieback in Western Australia (WA; observation of first typical symptoms in the 1920s); 7 = ink disease of *C. crenata* and chestnut hybrids in Korea; 8 = eucalypt dieback in Victoria (observation of first typical symptoms in 1935); 9 = kauri dieback in New Zealand; 10 = Mediterranean oak decline; 11 = *Alnus* mortality in Europe; 12 = temperate European oak decline; 13 = decline of *F. sylvatica* in mainland Europe; 14 = Sudden Oak Death in California and Oregon; 15 = mortality of *Austrocedrus chilensis* in Argentina (observation of first typical symptoms in 1948); 16 = oak decline in the Eastern USA; 17 = needle cast and defoliation of *Pinus radiata* in Chile; 18 = dieback of *Eucalyptus gomphocephala* in WA; 19 = dieback of *E. rudis* in WA; 20 = Sudden Larch Death in the UK; 21 = dieback of *Nothofagus* spp. in the UK; 22 = mortality of *Juniperus communis* in the UK; 23 = red needle cast of *P. radiata* in New Zealand; 24 = leaf and twig blight of *Ilex aqufolium* in Corsica and Sardinia; 25 = dieback of Mediterranean maquis vegetation.

Fig. 1.