Diversity of gall-forming rusts (Uromycladium, Pucciniales) on Acacia in Australia

C Doungsa-ard; AR McTaggart; ADW Geering; RG Shivas

doi:10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.09

. 2018 May 16;40:221–238. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.09

Diversity of gall-forming rusts (Uromycladium, Pucciniales) on Acacia in Australia

C Doungsa-ard ^1,^2,³, AR McTaggart ^1,⁴, ADW Geering ^1,², RG Shivas ^2,^5,^✉

PMCID: PMC6146644 PMID: 30505002

Abstract

Uromycladium tepperianum has been reported on over 100 species of Acacia, as well as on the closely related plant genera, Falcataria, Racosperma and Paraserianthes. Previous studies have indicated that U. tepperianum may represent a complex of host-specific, cryptic species. The phylogenetic relationships between 79 specimens of Uromycladium were determined based on a concatenated dataset of the Small Subunit, the Internal Transcribed Spacer and the Large Subunit regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3. This study showed that the host range of U. tepperianum s.str. was restricted to species of Acacia in the ‘A. bivenosa group’ sensu Chapman & Maslin (1992). An epitype of U. tepperianum on A. ligulata is designated to create a stable taxonomy for the application of this name. Sixteen novel species of Uromycladium are described, based on host preference, morphology and a phylogenetic species concept.

Keywords: cryptic species, Pucciniales, systematics, taxonomy, 16 new taxa

INTRODUCTION

McAlpine (1905) established Uromycladium for rust fungi (Pucciniales) on species of Acacia (Fabaceae) in Australia that were characterised by single-celled teliospores on branched and septate pedicels. Five species were described by McAlpine (1905) as new, namely, U. alpinum, U. bisporum (syn. U. acaciae fide Sydow & Sydow 1915), U. maritimum, U. robinsonii and U. simplex. McAlpine (1905) additionally recombined Uromyces tepperianus and Uredo notabilis as Uromycladium tepperianum and Uromycladium notabile, respectively. Since then, three additional species of Uromycladium have been described, namely, U. fusisporum (Savile 1971), U. naracoortensis (Berndt 2010) and U. falcatariae (type on Falcataria moluccana, Doungsa-ard et al. 2015).

Uromycladium tepperianum s.lat. causes prominent galls on the stems, phyllodes, inflorescences and pods of over 100 species of Acacia (Morris 1991, Berndt 2010). Uromycladium tepperianum has also been recorded on Paraserianthes lophantha subsp. lophantha in Western Australia (Gathe 1971, Morris 1987), and Paraserianthes lophantha subsp. montana in Indonesia (Magnus 1892, Boedjin 1959). Severe infection may lead to the death of host plants (Gathe 1971, Morris 1997, Wood & Morris 2007), and for this reason, U. tepperianum was introduced as a biological control agent for the control of A. saligna in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa (Morris 1991, Wood & Morris 2007, Wood 2012).

Samuel (1924) first suggested that U. tepperianum may be divisible into a number of biological species, each adapted to a different host. Several authors have supported this hypothesis based on observations of host range and intraspecific molecular variation (Burges 1934, Walker 1983, Morris 1987, Berndt 2010, Doungsa-ard et al. 2015). Morris (1987) inoculated isolates of U. tepperianum from different host species onto a range of species of Acacia and found there were host specific genotypes. Doungsa-ard et al. (2015) used a molecular phylogenetic approach to show that the rust on Falcataria moluccana, which had been attributed to U. tepperianum (Braza 1997, Old & Cristovao 2003, Rahayu et al. 2010, Rahayu 2011, Widyastuti et al. 2013), was a distinct species, U. falcatariae, and that there was intraspecific variation within U. tepperianum s.lat.

This study investigated the diversity of Uromycladium spp. that produce three teliospores per pedicel and form galls on their hosts. The purpose of the study was to define U. tepperianum in the strict sense, and resolve closely related species by a combined biological (host range), morphological and phylogenetic species concept. Four gene regions from ribosomal (rDNA) and mitochondrial DNA were analysed, together with morphological characters, for 74 specimens on Acacia, two on Falcataria and three on Paraserianthes lophantha.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimen selection and morphological examination

During 2012–2015, specimens of Uromycladium spp. on species of Acacia and P. lophantha were collected from various locations in Australia (Table 1). All specimens were preserved in the Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (BRIP).

Table 1.

List of rust specimens included in this study.

Taxon	Accession number	Host	State^c, Country	GenBank accession
Taxon	Accession number	Host	State^c, Country	LSU	ITS	SSU	CO3
Uromycladium brachycarpae	BRIP^a 58599	Acacia brachycarpa	Qld, Australia	KR994685	KR994736	KR994781	KR994986
U. falcatariae	BRIP 57477	Falcataria moluccana	Laguna, Philippines	KJ632973 ^d	KJ633013 ^d	KJ632993 ^d	KJ639059 ^d
	BRIP 57990	F. moluccana	Timor Leste	KJ632974 ^d	KJ633014 ^d	KJ632994 ^d	KJ639060 ^d
U. farinosae	BRIP 58154	A. farinosa	SA, Australia	KR994686	KR994737	KR994782	KR994987
U. flavescentis	BRIP 55385	A. flavescens	Qld, Australia	KR994687	KR994738	KR994783	KR994988
	BRIP 57283	A. flavescens	Qld, Australia	KR994688	KR994739	KR994784	KR994989
U. fusisporum	BRIP 57526	A. salicina	Qld, Australia	KJ632991 ^d	KJ633031 ^d	KJ633009 ^d	KJ639075 ^d
U. holosericeae	BRIP 56538	A. holosericea	NT, Australia	KR994689	KR994740	KR994785	KR994990
	BRIP 56541	A. holosericea	NT, Australia	KJ632987 ^d	KJ633020 ^d	KJ633004 ^d	KJ639061 ^d
	BRIP 56543	A. holosericea	NT, Australia	KR994690	KR994741	KR994786	KR994991
	BRIP 59653	A. holosericea	Qld, Australia	KJ632986 ^d	KJ633028 ^d	KJ632998 ^d	KJ639062 ^d
	BRIP 61544	A. holosericea	Qld, Australia	KR994691	KR994742	KR994787	KR994992
U. implexae	BRIP 57313	A. implexa	Vic, Australia	KR994692	KR994743	KR994788	KR994993
	BRIP 57508	A. implexa	NSW, Australia	KR994693	KR994744	KR994789	KR994994
	BRIP 57509	A. implexa	NSW, Australia	KJ632983 ^d	KJ633015 ^d	KJ633007 ^d	KJ639072 ^d
	BRIP 57628	A. implexa	NSW, Australia	KR994694	KR994745	KR994790	KR994995
	BRIP 59220	A. implexa	Vic, Australia	KJ632984 ^d	KJ633016 ^d	KJ633008 ^d	KJ639071 ^d
U. leiocalycis	BRIP 56928	A. leiocalyx	Qld, Australia	KJ632981 ^d	KJ633017 ^d	KJ633005 ^d	KJ639073 ^d
	BRIP 57285	A. leiocalyx	Qld, Australia	KR994695	KR994746	KR994791	KR994996
	BRIP 57511	A. leiocalyx	Qld, Australia	KJ632982 ^d	KJ633018 ^d	KJ633006 ^d	KJ639074 ^d
	BRIP 57536	A. leiocalyx	Qld, Australia	KR994696	KR994747	KR994792	KR994997
	BRIP 57582	A. leiocalyx	NSW, Australia	KR994697	KR994748	KR994793	KR994998
	BRIP 59926	A. leiocalyx	Qld, Australia	KR994698	KR994749	KR994794	KR994999
U. ligustrinae	BRIP 57708	A. ligustrina	WA, Australia	KR994699	KR994750	KR994795	KR995000
U. maslinii	BRIP 57697	A. acuminata	WA, Australia	KR994700	KR994751	KR994796	KR995001
	BRIP 57700	A. acuminata	WA, Australia	KR994701	KR994752	KR994797	KR995002
	BRIP 57703	A. latior	WA, Australia	KJ632975 ^d	KJ632999 ^d	KJ633023 ^d	KJ639065 ^d
	BRIP 57704	A. incognita	WA, Australia	KR994702	N/A	N/A	N/A
	BRIP 57743	A. resinimarginea	WA, Australia	KR994703	N/A	N/A	KR995003
	BRIP 57744	A. gibbosa	WA, Australia	KR994704	N/A	N/A	KR995004
	BRIP 57749	A. coolgardiensis	WA, Australia	KJ632976 ^d	KJ633024 ^d	KJ633003 ^d	KJ639066 ^d
	BRIP 57751	A. acuminata	WA, Australia	KR994705	KR994753	KR994798	KR995005
	BRIP 57755	A. acuminata	WA, Australia	KR994706	KR994754	KR994799	KR995006
	BRIP 57756	A. acuminata	WA, Australia	KJ632977 ^d	KJ633025 ^d	KJ633000 ^d	KJ639067 ^d
	BRIP 57819	A. acuminata	WA, Australia	KJ632978 ^d	KJ633026 ^d	KJ633001 ^d	KJ639068 ^d
	BRIP 57825	A. yorkrakinensis	WA, Australia	KR994707	N/A	KR994800	KR995007
	BRIP 57869	A. sibina	WA, Australia	KJ632979 ^d	KJ633019 ^d	KJ633002 ^d	KJ639070 ^d
	BRIP 57871	A. patagiata	WA, Australia	KR994708	N/A	N/A	KR995008
	BRIP 57873	A. cyclops	WA, Australia	KR994709	KR994755	KR994801	KR995009
	BRIP 61549	A. burkittii	WA, Australia	KR994710	KR994756	KR994802	KR995010
U. merrallii	BRIP 58153	A. merrallii	SA, Australia	KR994711	KR994757	KR994803	KR995011
U. mitchellii	BRIP 59355	A. trudgeniana	WA, Australia	KR994827	KR994836	KR994845	KR995036
U. morrisii	BRIP 56962	A. saligna	WA, Australia	KJ632985 ^d	KJ633021 ^d	KJ632996 ^d	KJ639063 ^d
	BRIP 56963	A. saligna	WA, Australia	KJ632980 ^d	KJ633022 ^d	KJ632997 ^d	KJ639064 ^d
	BRIP 57860	A. saligna	WA, Australia	KJ632988 ^d	KJ633027 ^d	KJ632995 ^d	KJ639069 ^d
U. murphyi	BRIP 59234	A. dealbata	Tas, Australia	KJ632992 ^d	KJ633030 ^d	KJ633011 ^d	KJ639076 ^d
	BRIP 55674	A. elata	NSW, Australia	KR994828 ^d	KR994837 ^d	N/A	KR995037 ^d
	BRIP 57629	A. deccurens	NSW, Australia	KR994829 ^d	KR994838 ^d	KR994846 ^d	KR995038 ^d
	BRIP 57858	A. elata	NSW, Australia	KR994830 ^d	KR994839 ^d	KR994847 ^d	KR995039 ^d
	BRIP 57879	A. mearnsii	NSW, Australia	KR994831 ^d	KR994840 ^d	N/A	KR995040 ^d
	BRIP 57929	A. rubida	NSW, Australia	KR994832 ^d	KR994841 ^d	KR994848 ^d	KR995041 ^d
	BRIP 58300	A. penninervis	NSW, Australia	KR994833 ^d	KR994842 ^d	KR994849 ^d	KR995042 ^d
	BRIP 59219	A. dealbata	Vic, Australia	KR994834 ^d	KR994843 ^d	KR994850 ^d	KR995043 ^d
	BRIP 59233	A. mearnsii	Tas, Australia	KR994835 ^d	KR994844 ^d	KR994851 ^d	KR995044 ^d
U. paradoxae	BRIP 58152	A. paradoxa	SA, Australia	KR994712	KR994758	KR994804	KR995012
	BRIP 58602	A. stricta	Qld, Australia	KR994713	KR994759	KR994805	KR995013
	BRIP 59204	A. paradoxa	Vic, Australia	KR994714	KR994760	KR994806	KR995014
	BRIP 59221	A. montana	Vic, Australia	KR994715	KR994761	KR994807	KR995015
	BRIP 59235	A. verniciflua	Tas, Australia	KR994716	KR994762	KR994808	KR995016
U. scirpifoliae	BRIP 57817	A. scirpifolia	WA, Australia	KR994717	KR994763	KR994809	KR995017
	BRIP 57827	A. scirpifolia	WA, Australia	KR994718	KR994764	KR994810	KR995018
U. simplex	BRIP 59214	A. pycnantha	Vic, Australia	KJ632990 ^d	KJ633029 ^d	KJ633010 ^d	KJ639078 ^d
U. tepperianum	BRIP 57307	A. ligulata	WA, Australia	KR994719	KR994765	KR994811	KR995019
	BRIP 57596	A. ligulata	WA, Australia	KR994720	KR994766	KR994812	KR995020
	BRIP 57707	A. rostellifera	WA, Australia	KR994721	KR994767	KR994813	KR995021
	BRIP 57714	A. rostellifera	WA, Australia	KR994722	KR994768	KR994814	KR995022
	BRIP 57742	A. cupularis	WA, Australia	KR994723	KR994769	KR994815	KR995023
	BRIP 57816	A. cupularis	WA, Australia	KR994724	KR994770	KR994816	KR995024
	BRIP 58146	A. cupularis	SA, Australia	KR994725	KR994771	KR994817	KR995025
	BRIP 58147	A. cupularis	SA, Australia	KR994726	KR994772	KR994818	KR995026
	BRIP 58160	A. cupularis	SA, Australia	KR994727	KR994773	KR994819	KR995027
	BRIP 59439	A. xanthina	WA, Australia	KR994728	KR994774	KR994820	KR995028
	BRIP 59895	A. ligulata	SA, Australia	KR994729	KR994775	KR994821	KR995029
	BRIP 59899	A. ligulata	SA, Australia	KR994730	KR994776	KR994822	KR995030
	BRIP 61265	A. sclerosperma	WA, Australia	KR994731	KR994777	KR994823	KR995031
U. tetragonophyllae	BRIP 57748	A. tetragonophylla	WA, Australia	KR994732	KR994778	KR994824	KR995032
U. woodii	BRIP 61600	Paraserianthes lophantha	WA, Australia	KR994733	KR994779	KR994825	KR995033
	BRIP 62249	P. lophantha	WA, Australia	KR994734	KR994780	KR994826	KR995034
	DAR^b 52697	P. lophantha	WA, Australia	KR994735	N/A	N/A	KR995035

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^a Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Australia.

^b Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales, Australia.

^c NSW = New South Wales, NT = Northern Territory, Qld = Queensland, SA = South Australia, Tas = Tasmania, Vic = Victoria, WA = Western Australia.

^d Doungsa-ard et al. (2015).

Rust spores were mounted on glass slides in 100 % lactic acid and gently heated to boiling before microscopic examination. Ranges were expressed as either min.–max., or (min.–) mean–SD – mean+SD (–max.) with values rounded to 0.5 μm. Means and standard deviations (SD) were made from at least 30 measurements. Images were captured with a Leica DFC 500 camera attached to a Leica DMLB compound microscope with Normarski differential interference contrast.

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and DNA sequencing

DNA was extracted as described by Doungsa-ard et al. (2015). High fidelity Phusion^® DNA Polymerase (New England Biolabs, MA, USA) was used in PCR as per the manufacturer-specified cycling and reaction conditions. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with ITS1F/ITS4B (Gardes & Bruns 1993). The large subunit (LSU) region was amplified with the primers Rust2inv (Aime 2006)/LR7 (Vilgalys & Hester 1990) and nested with the primers LROR/LR6 (Vilgalys & Hester 1990). The small subunit (SSU) region was amplified with the primers NS1 (White et al. 1990)/Rust 18SR (Aime 2006). Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) in the mitochondrial genome was amplified with the primers CO3_F1/CO3_R1 (Vialle et al. 2009). Annealing temperatures were: SSU, ITS and nested LSU at 62 °C, the initial LSU at 60 °C, and CO3 at 55 °C. PCR products were sent to Macrogen Korea for purification and direct sequencing. Contigs were made from sequence trace files with Sequencher v. 5.0 (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan).

Phylogenetic analyses

The LSU, ITS, SSU and CO3 sequences were aligned in SATe v. 1.2 (Liu et al. 2012) with the MAFFT and MUSCLE algorithms (Katoh & Toh 2008). DNA sequences were deposited in GenBank with the accession numbers listed in Table 1 and the final alignment and trees were deposited in TreeBASE (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S18219). The sequences from each locus were concatenated and run as a partitioned dataset with maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference as phylogenetic criteria. GTRGAMMA was specified as the model of evolution for nucleotide sequence data for both criteria. ML was implemented as a search criterion in RAxML v. 8.1.15 (Stamatakis 2014). The RAxML analyses were run with a rapid bootstrap analysis using a random starting tree and 1 000 maximum likelihood bootstrap replicates. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) search in a Bayesian analysis was conducted with MrBayes v. 3.2 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003). Four runs, each consisting of four chains, were implemented for 10 million generations. The cold chain was heated at a temperature of 0.25. Substitution model parameters were sampled every 1 000 generations and trees were saved every 1 000 generations. Convergence of the Bayesian analysis was confirmed using the cumulative and compare functions in AWTY (Nylander et al. 2008) (available at: ceb.csit.fsu.edu/awty/) and 30 000 trees were summarized to create a consensus tree. The ML and Bayesian analyses were run four times to test accuracy.

RESULTS

Phylogenetic relationships obtained with nuclear rDNA and mitochondrial loci

Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference recovered congruent topologies (Fig. 1). The phylogenetic analyses recovered 18 species that could be differentiated from each other by host range and a phylogenetic species concept. All species with three, striate teliospores per pedicel were recovered in a monophyletic group, and this character is considered a synapomorphy for this clade, which represents U. tepperianum s.lat. Uromycladium tepperianum s.str., which was first described on A. salicina (Saccardo 1889) in the ‘A. bivenosa group’ sensu Chapman & Maslin (1992), was sister to other species of Uromycladium with three, striate teliospores per pedicel.

Uromycladium falcatariae was distinguished from other gall-forming species in the U. tepperianum s.lat. complex, by the number of striae per spore (Doungsa-ard et al. 2015), but this character was not informative for the remaining species. Based on host range and a phylogenetic species concept from the analysis of DNA sequences from four genes, 16 new species of Uromycladium are described. Sequences obtained from holotype specimens were submitted to GenBank, and taxonomic novelties were deposited in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org; Crous et al. 2004). The taxonomy of all species of Uromycladium with three spores per pedicel is discussed below.

TAXONOMY

Uromycladium brachycarpae Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818526; Fig. 2

Etymology. Name refers to the host, Acacia brachycarpa, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, Queensland, Girraween (-28.8275, 151.9375), on A. brachycarpa, 6 Mar. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, D.J. Aster & A.R. McTaggart (holotype BRIP 58599), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994781, KR994736, KR994685 and KR994986.

Galls along branches and stems, up to 7 cm long and 1 cm diam. Spermogonia sub-epidermal, associated with telia. Telia cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 37–44 equatorial striae and 25–31 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (14–)15–17(–18) × (18–)19–20(–22) μm, apical germ pore 4–5.5 μm diam, deciduous or with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall 2.5–3.5 μm, thickened at the apex (2–)3–4 μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis (34–)39–57(–58) × 4–5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about 8–11(–12) μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On stems of A. brachycarpa.

Notes — Uromycladium brachycarpae is only known from one specimen on A. brachycarpa in Queensland. Acacia brachycarpa is a member of the ‘Acacia ulicifolia group’, which includes A. asparagoides, A. brownii, A. echinula, A. gunnii, A. saxicola and A. ulicifolia (Maslin et al. 2001). None of these other species of Acacia are recorded in Australian herbaria with gall rust. Uromycladium brachycarpae was recovered as sister to all other species of U. tepperianum s.lat. on Acacia.

Uromycladium falcatariae Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas (as ‘falcatarium’), Australas. Pl. Pathol. 44: 28. 2015

Type. Philippines, Magsaysay, Siniloan Laguna, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna-Quezon Land Grant, on Falcataria moluccana, 6 July 2012, K.L. Lancetta, V.A. Felices, T.U. Dalisay, A.I. Llano, A.R. McTaggart, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas (holotype BRIP 57477), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633013, KJ632993, KJ632973 and KJ639059, MycoBank MB808468.

Galls on swollen distorted stems, up to 20 cm long and 2 cm wide, sometimes forming witches’ brooms. Spermogonia sub-epidermal, scattered, associated with telia, 140 μm diam. Spermatia globose, ellipsoid or obovoid, hyaline, 3–4 × 3–7 μm. Telia yellowish brown, powdery. Teliospores globose or subglobose, yellowish brown, (13–)15–19(–21) × (17–)18–22(–24) μm, in clusters of three on branched and septate pedicels, with 25–32 striae converging at a solitary apical germ pore 2.5–4 μm diam, deciduous; wall 1.5–2.5 μm thick at sides and 2–3.5 μm at apex; pedicel persistent, branched, with a long axis 36–44 × 4–6 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1–1.5 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about 14–16 μm below the upper fertile cell, hyaline.

On stems of F. moluccana (tribe Ingeae).

Additional material examined. Timor Leste, on F. moluccana, Mar. 2011, J.D. Ray & G. Soares, BRIP 57990, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633014, KJ632994, KJ632974 and KJ639060.

Notes — Uromycladium falcatariae occurs on F. moluccana in the tribe Ingeae, which is a sister group to Australian Acacia (Brown et al. 2011). Doungsa-ard et al. (2015) suggested that U. falcatariae speciated by a host jump from Acacia (tribe Acacieae) to Falcataria (as Paraserianthes) (tribe Ingeae), rather than by coevolution on related host species.

Uromycladium farinosae Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818527; Fig. 3

Etymology. Name refers to host, Acacia farinosa, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, South Australia, Warramboo, Nantuma Road, next to railway line, 110 m from intersection with Tod Highway (-33.2967, 135.6261), on A. farinosa, 24 Dec. 2012, A.D.W. Geering (holotype BRIP 58154), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994782, KR994737, KR994686 and KR994987.

Galls on stems and phyllodes, up to 3 cm diam or confluent to 7 cm long. Spermogonia subepidermal, embedded or associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown to dark brown, depressed globose, 200–220 μm wide and 80–110 μm high. Telia scattered, young telia pale and velvet to powdery when mature, cinnamon brown. Teliospores in clusters of three, depressed globose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 31–40 equatorial striae and 22–25 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, 13–17(–20) × (16–)17–20(–21) μm, apical germ pore 4–5 μm diam, deciduous or sometimes with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall 1.5–2.5(–3) μm, thickened at the apex 2.5–4 μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis 33–39(–43) × 4–5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1–1.5 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about 13–15 μm below the upper fertile cell, hyaline.

On phyllodes of A. farinosa.

Notes — Uromycladium farinosae is known from one specimen on A. farinosa in South Australia. It was recovered as sister to U. ligustrinae and U. merrallii in the phylogenetic analyses.

Uromycladium flavescentis Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818528; Fig. 4

Etymology. Name refers to host, Acacia flavescens, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, Queensland, Teewah, on A. flavescens, 6 Mar. 2012, A.R. McTaggart (holotype BRIP 55385), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994783, KR994738, KR994687 and KR994988.

Galls on stems and trunks, up to 10 cm long and 2 cm wide. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown, depressed globose, 180–240 μm wide and 80–110 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ellipsoid to obovoid, (2.5–)3–4 × 4–6 μm. Telia cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, vesicle absent, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 35–45 equatorial striae and 24–28 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (15–)16–18(–19) × (19–)20–23(–24) μm, apical germ pore 5–5.5(–6) μm diam, deciduous; wall 2–3 μm diam; pedicels not seen.

On stems and trunks of A. flavescens.

Additional material examined. Australia, Queensland, Noosa Heads (-26.3789, 153.1069), on A. flavescens, 9 June 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57283, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994784, KR994739, KR994688 and KR994989.

Notes — Uromycladium flavescentis is specific to A. flavescens in subclade Plurinerves. It was sister to U. holosericeae on A. holosericea in subclade Juliflorae. This may indicate speciation occurred by a host shift of a recent common ancestor between sympatric subclades of Acacia.

Uromycladium holosericeae Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818529; Fig. 5

Etymology. Name refers to host, Acacia holosericea, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, Queensland, Bowen, summit of Flagstaff Hill (-20.0172, 148.2666), on A. holosericea, 21 Sept. 2013, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas (holotype BRIP 59653), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633028, KJ632998, KJ632986 and KJ639062.

Galls on stems and phyllodes, up to 5 cm long and 3 cm wide. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown, depressed globose, Telia erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, vesicle absent, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 35–40 equatorial striae and 24–27 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (16–)17–19(–20) × (18–)20–24 μm, apical germ pore 4–5.5 μm diam, deciduous; wall (1.5–)2–2.5(–3) μm, thickened at the apex (2–)2.5–3.5(–4) μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis, 55–80 × 4–5 μm, and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1–2 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about 14–16 μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On stems of A. holosericea.

Additional materials examined. Australia, Northern Territory, Nitmiluk, near Katherine Gorge (-14.3172, 132.4258), on A. holosericea, 20 Apr. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, R. Berndt, V. Faust-Berndt, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 56541, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633020, KJ633004, KJ632987 and KJ639061; Northern Territory, Nitmiluk (-14.3105, 132.4217), on A. holosericea, 20 Apr. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, R. Berndt, V. Faust-Berndt, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 56543, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994786, KR994741, KR994690 and KR994991; Queensland, Laura, Peninsula Developmental Road (-15.4394, 144.2114), on A. holosericea, 13 May 2014, W. Khemmuk & A.D.W. Geering, BRIP 61544, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994787, KR994742, KR994691 and KR994992.

Notes — There was intraspecific variation in the ITS and LSU regions between isolates of U. holosericeae from the Northern Territory and Queensland. The main distribution of A. holosericea extends from Derby, Western Australia eastwards across the Kimberley Region and Northern Territory to eastern Queensland (Doran & Turnbull 1997). The variation observed in rDNA may reflect genetic diversity of U. holosericeae across the geographic range of A. holosericea.

Uromycladium implexae Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818530; Fig. 6

Etymology. Name refers to host, Acacia implexa, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, Victoria, Euroa (-36.7742, 145.5139), on A. implexa, 12 May 2013, C. Doungsa-ard, W. Khemmuk & A.D.W. Geering (holotype BRIP 59220), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633016, KJ633008, KJ632984 and KJ639071.

Galls on branches, stems and phyllodes, confluent up to 50 cm long, variable in shape and size. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, reddish brown, depressed globose, 200–240 μm wide and 100–110 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ellipsoid, (2–)3–4(–5) × 4–5(–6) μm. Telia erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, vesicle absent, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 32–39 equatorial striae and 21–27 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (12–)13–16(–17) × (16–)17–20(–21) μm, apical germ pore 3–4.5 μm diam, deciduous; wall 1.5–2.5(–3) μm, thickened at the apex 2–3.5 μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis (42–)51–70 × 4–5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about (15–)19–26(–27) μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On stems, branches and phyllodes of A. implexa.

Additional materials examined. Australia, New South Wales, Rookhurst, Thunderbolts Way (-31.8681, 151.8628), on A. implexa, 13 June 2012, A.J. Carnegie, BRIP 57508, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994789, KR994744, KR994693 and KR994994; New South Wales, Stroud Road, Bucketts Way (-32.3439, 151.9278), on A. implexa, 13 July 2012, A.J. Carnegie, BRIP 57509, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633015, KJ633007, KJ632983 and KJ639072; New South Wales, Blaxland, Great Western Highway, on A. implexa, 23 Aug. 2012, A.J. Carnegie, BRIP 57628, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994790, KR994745, KR994694 and KR994995; Victoria, Melbourne, along the Merri Creek Trail between Glenlyon Road and Blyth Street-Separation Street, East Brunswick, on A. implexa, 18 June 2012, J. Edwards, BRIP 57313, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994788, KR994743, KR994692 and KR994993.

Notes — Uromycladium implexae occurs on A. implexa in subclade Plurinerves. The host is similar in morphology to A. melanoxylon, from which it is distinguished by the colour of the funicle, time of flowering and phyllode shape (Gowers 1990). Records of U. tepperianum s.lat. on A. melanoxylon (McAlpine 1905, Burges 1934) were unable to be verified as gall rust was not found on A. melanoxylon in the present study.

Uromycladium leiocalycis Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818533; Fig. 7

Etymology. Name refers to host, Acacia leiocalyx, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, Queensland, Seventeen Mile Rocks, 308 Seventeen Mile Rocks Road, next to iSEE Church (-27.5497, 152.9581), on A. leiocalyx, 29 Nov. 2013, C. Doungsa-ard & A.D.W. Geering (holotype BRIP 59926), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994794, KR994749, KR994698 and KR994999.

Galls on branches, stems, phyllodes and inflorescences, globose to irregular, up to 5 cm diam. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown, depressed globose, 200–240 μm wide and 80–110 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ellipsoid, 4–5 × 3–4 μm. Telia on branches, erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, vesicle absent, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 31–38 equatorial striae and 22–27 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, 14–20(–27) × (19–)20–22(–23) μm, apical germ pore 4–4.5 μm diam, deciduous or with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall 2–3 μm through the apex; pedicel branched, with a long axis (26–)28–50(–53) × 4–5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about 13–17(–18) μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On branches, stems, phyllodes and inflorescences of A. leiocalyx.

Additional materials examined. Australia, Queensland, Wavell Heights, end of Bilsen Road near Downfall Creek (-27.382475, 153.053798), on A. leiocalyx, 17 May 2012, C. Doungsa-ard & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 56928, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633017, KJ633005, KJ632981 and KJ639073; Queensland, Noosa Heads (-26.3778, 153.1150), on A. leiocalyx, 9 June 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57285, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994791, KR994746, KR994695 and KR994996; Queensland, Mount Coolum (-26.5622, 153.0942), on A. leiocalyx, 28 July 2012, C. Doungsa-ard & A.R. McTaggart, BRIP 57511, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633018, KJ633006, KJ632982 and KJ639074; Queensland, Mount Alford, Mount Alford Road (-28.0717, 152.5742), on A. leiocalyx, 1 Aug. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57536, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994792, KR994747, KR994696 and KR994997; New South Wales, Maclean, Wharf Street approaching Highland Ridge (-29.4589, 153.2111), on A. leiocalyx, 12 Aug. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart & A.M. Young, BRIP 57582, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994793, KR994748, KR994697 and KR994998.

Notes — There was intraspecific variation in the ITS and LSU regions of U. leiocalycis. These differences may reflect genetic diversity of U. leiocalycis on A. leiocalyx, which contains two subspecies, namely A. leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx and subsp. herveyensis (Pedley 1978).

Uromycladium ligustrinae Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818537; Fig. 8

Etymology. Name refers to host, Acacia ligustrina, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, Western Australia, Kokeby, Southern Branch Road approaching Great Southern Highway (-32.2289, 116.9892), on A. ligustrina, 1 Oct. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas (holotype BRIP 57708), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994795, KR994750, KR994699 and KR995000.

Galls on branches and phyllodes, up to 1 cm diam or confluent to 4 cm. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, scattered, dark brown to black, depressed globose, 200–250 μm wide and 80–120 μm high. Telia erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, vesicle absent, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 27–44 equatorial striae and 24–28 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (14–)16–18(–20) × (14–)19–23(–26) μm, apical germ pore 4–5 μm diam, deciduous or with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall 2–3(–3.5) μm, thickened at the apex (2.5–)3–3.5(–4) μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis (48–)51–75(–84) × 4–6 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about (13–)18–23 μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On branches and phyllodes of A. ligustrina.

Notes — Uromycladium ligustrinae is known only from the type specimen. The phylogenetic analyses showed that it was sister to U. merrallii, which occurs on A. merrallii. Acacia ligustrina is closely related to A. merrallii and both are classified in sect. Phyllodineae (Maslin 2013).

Uromycladium maslinii Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818539; Fig. 9

Etymology. Named after the Australian botanist, Bruce R. Maslin, who generously identified many species of Acacia used in this study.

Type. Australia, Western Australia, Mocardy, Koorda-Wongan Hills Road (-30.8508, 116.8075), on A. acuminata, 6 Mar. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas (holotype BRIP 57819), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633026, KJ633001, KJ632978 and KJ639068.

Galls on branches, confluent along the margin of phyllodes, subglobose to irregular, up to 3 cm diam. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown to black, depressed globose, 220–240 μm wide and 100–120 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ellipsoid, (3.5–)4–6(–8) × (2.5–)3–4(–5) μm. Telia erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 33–44 equatorial striae and 22–34 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (12–)15–18(–20) × (17–)19–23(–26) μm, apical germ pore 4–5 μm diam, deciduous or with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall (1.5–)2–2.5(–3) μm, thickened at the apex (2–)2.5–3.5(–4) μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis (32–)37–64(–65) × 4.5–5.5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1–2 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about (15–)16–20(–21) μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On branches and phyllodes of A. acuminata, A. burkittii, A. coolgardiensis, A. cyclops, A. gibbosa, A. incognita, A. latior, A. patagiata, A. resinimarginea, A. sibina and A. yorkrakinensis.

Additional materials examined. Australia, Western Australia, Yalgoo, 160 km west of Mount Magnet, off Geraldton-Mount Magnet Road (-28.3811, 116.3182), on A. acuminata, 29 Sept. 2012, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57697, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994796, KR994751, KR994700 and KR995001; Western Australia, Mullewa, off Geraldton-Mount Magnet Road (-28.5783, 115.4503), on A. acuminata, 29 Sept. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard & A.R. McTaggart, BRIP 57700, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994797, KR994752, KR994701 and KR995002; Western Australia, Yalgoo, Mount Magnet, off Geraldton-Mount Magnet Road (-28.3811, 116.3182), on A. acuminata, 29 Sept. 2012, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57703, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633023, KJ632999, KJ632975 and KJ639065; Western Australia, Pindar, Geraldton-Mount Magnet Road, Fegan Road (-28.5201, 115.8678), on A. incognita, 29 Sept. 2012, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57704, LSU sequence GenBank KR994702; Western Australia, Burakin, Dowerin-Kalannie Road, north west of railway track (-30.5214, 117.1744), on A. resinimarginea, 30 Sept. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57743, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994703 and KR995003; Western Australia, Cadoux, Hospital Road (-30.6433, 117.0100), on A. gibbosa, 30 Sept. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57744, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994704 and KR995004; Western Australia, Pindar, Geraldton-Mount Magnet Road, Fegan Road (-28.5070, 115.82699), on A. coolgardiensis, 29 Sept. 2012, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57749, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633024, KJ633003, KJ632976 and KJ639066; Western Australia, York, end of Thorn Street, in the park along Avon River (-31.8908, 116.7714), on A. acuminata, 1 Oct. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57751, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994798, KR994753, KR994705 and KR995005; Western Australia, Pingelly, 2 km north of Review Street, off Great Southern Highway, next to railway track (-32.5133, 117.0764), on A. acuminata, 1 Oct. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57755, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994799, KR994754, KR994706 and KR995006; Western Australia, Broomehill West, 13.1 km north of Tambellup, Great Southern Highway (-33.9331, 117.6456), on A. acuminata, 1 Oct. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57756, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633025, KJ633000, KJ632977 and KJ639067; Western Australia, Paynes Find, Goodlands Road, 6.3 km from intersection with Great Northern Highway (-29.7711, 117.1017), on A. yorkrakinensis, 30 Sept. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57825, SSU, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994800, KR994707 and KR995007; Western Australia, Carnamah, off Midlands Road, 600 m south-east of Carnamah railway station (-29.6944, 115.8889), on A. sibina, 28 Sept. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard & A.R. McTaggart, BRIP 57869, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633019, KJ633002, KJ632979 and KJ639070; Western Australia, Katanning, Great Southern Highway (-33.7175, 117.5717), on A. patagiata, 1 Oct. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57871, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994708 and KR995008; Western Australia, Amelup, off Chester Pass Road near Ongarup Creek (-34.2553, 118.2081), on A. cyclops, 2 Oct. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57873, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994801, KR994755, KR994709 and KR995009; Western Australia, Mount Burges, southern Goldfields, Mount Burges station, site 292 north of the Transline (-30.6925, 120.8192), on A. burkittii, 3 Dec. 2013, A.A. Mitchell & P.J. Waddell, BRIP 61549, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994802, KR994756, KR994710 and KR995010.

Notes — Uromycladium maslinii is restricted to Western Australian on endemic species of Acacia. Uromycladium maslinii was found on A. acuminata, A. burkittii, A. coolgardiensis, A. cyclops, A. gibbosa, A. incognita, A. latior, A. patagiata, A. resinimarginea, A. sibina and A. yorkrakinensis. There was intraspecific variation in the ITS region of U. maslinii from specimens on different species of Acacia, indicating it may represent a complex of cryptic species.

Uromycladium merrallii Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818545; Fig. 10

Etymology. Name refers to host, Acacia merrallii, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, South Australia, Warramboo, Nantuma Road, next to railway line, 110 m from intersection with Tod Highway (-33.2964, 135.6261), on A. merrallii, 24 Dec. 2012, A.D.W. Geering (holotype BRIP 58153), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994803, KR994757, KR994711 and KR995011.

Galls on stems and branches, up to 3 cm diam or confluent to 7 cm along branches. Spermogonia subepidermal, depressed globose, associated with telia, scattered. Telia erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, vesicle absent, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 33–43 equatorial striae and 24–30 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (13.5–)15–17.5(–18) × (16.5–)20–24(–26) μm, apical germ pore 4–5.5 μm diam, deciduous or with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall (2–)2.5–3(–3.5) μm, thickened at the apex 2.5–3.5(–4.5) μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis (37–)42–71(–72) × (5–)5.5–6.5(–7) μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1–2 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about (15.5–)16.5–20 (–21) μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On branches of A. merrallii.

Notes — Uromycladium merrallii is only known from the type specimen on A. merrallii. Uromycladium merrallii was sister to U. ligustrinae, which occurs on A. ligustrina, a close relative of A. merrallii (Maslin 2013).

Uromycladium mitchellii Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818549; Fig. 11

Etymology. Named after the indefatigable Australian botanist, Andrew A. Mitchell, who has collected many rust and smut fungi in Australia, including this rust on A. trudgeniana.

Type. Australia, Western Australia, Fortescue, West Pilbara, about 5 km west of Yarraloola Station Homestead on Old Main Road (-21.5778, 115.8636), on A. trudgeniana, 8 June 2013, A.A. Mitchell, (holotype BRIP 59355), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994845, KR994836, KR994827 and KR995036.

Galls on stems, swollen or distorted, up to 5 cm diam. Spermogonia subepidermal, dark brown to black, scattered, associated with telia, 150–200 μm wide and 100–150 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ovate or ellipsoid, 2–3(–4) × (2–)2.5–3.5 μm. Telia powdery on gall and persistent when mature. Teliospores in clusters of three, subglobose to depressed globose, at first hyaline, later yellowish brown to cinnamon brown, densely covered in randomly arranged warts, 13–17(–20) × (13–)15–18(–20) μm, apical germ pore 3–4.5 μm diam; wall 2–3 μm, thickened at the apex 2–4.5 μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis 55–70 × 4.5–7.5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1–1.5 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about 13–16 μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On branches of A. trudgeniana.

Notes — Uromycladium mitchellii was sister to another species (described below as U. murphyi sp. nov.) and together formed a monophyletic group with a shared derived character of three warted teliospores per pedicel. It is known from a single specimen on A. trudgeniana in Western Australia. Acacia trudgeniana belongs to a group of closely related species in sect. Phyllodineae, referred to as the ‘A. pyrifolia group’ (Maslin 2013), which is sister to the ‘A. victoriae group’ (Murphy et al. 2010, Maslin 2013). Uromycladium mitchellii is the first rust found on a host in this phylogenetic group and it is hypothesized that collections of Uromycladium found on species of Acacia in the A. victoriae and A. pyrifolia clade sensu Murphy et al. (2010), will be closely related to each other.

Uromycladium morrisii Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818550; Fig. 12

Etymology. Named after Dr Michael J. Morris, a South African plant pathologist who introduced this rust into South Africa in 1987 as a biological control agent for A. saligna, where it has significantly helped to bring this species under control.

Type. Australia, Western Australia, Perth, 5 km north of The Vines Resort (-31.7543, 116.0167), on A. saligna, 24 May 2012, R.G. Shivas (holotype BRIP 56962), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633021, KJ632996, KJ632985 and KJ639063.

Galls on branches, stems, inflorescences, pods and phyllodes, irregular, up to 20 cm in length or forming witches’ brooms up to 40 cm diam. Spermogonia subepidermal, depressed globose, associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown, 200–250 μm wide and 100–120 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ellipsoid, (3.5–)4–6(–7) × (2–)3–4(–5) μm. Telia erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 33–40 equatorial striae and 27–35 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (11–)14–18(–20) × (17–)18–22(–26) μm, apical germ pore 4–5.5 μm diam, deciduous or with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall 2–3 μm, thickened at the apex, (2–)2.5–3.5(–4) μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis (40–)42–58(–65) × 4.5–6.5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1–1.5 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about (15–)16–24 μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On stems, branches, phyllodes, inflorescences or pods of A. saligna.

Additional materials examined. Australia, Western Australia, Bailup, Toodyay Road, on A. saligna, 24 May 2012, R.G. Shivas, BRIP 56963, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633022, KJ632997, KJ632980 and KJ639064; Western Australia, Two Rocks, 4 km south of Breakwater Drive (-31.5016, 115.6109), on A. saligna, 27 Sept. 2012, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57860, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633027, KJ632995, KJ632988 and KJ639069.

Notes — Uromycladium morrisii is highly destructive on A. saligna in south-western Western Australia (Morris 1987 as U. tepperianum). It was introduced as a biocontrol agent in South Africa, where A. saligna is a noxious weed (Morris 1997, Wood 2012). Experimental inoculations of 23 Australian species of Acacia demonstrated gall formation only on A. saligna, which indicated strong host-pathogen specificity (Morris 1987). Intraspecific variation in the ITS region of U. morrisii may reflect genetic variation of this pathogen on A. saligna, of which there are at least four subspecies (Millar & Byrne 2007, Millar et al. 2008, 2011).

Uromycladium murphyi Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB824917; Fig. 13

Etymology. Named after Dr Daniel J. Murphy, an Australian botanist and molecular systematist, who has focused much of his research on the taxonomy, classification and biogeography of Acacia.

Type. Australia, Victoria, Mount Macedon, 409 Cameron Drive (-37.3722, 144.5964), on A. dealbata, 12 May 2013, C. Doungsa-ard, W. Khemmuk & A.D.W. Geering (holotype BRIP 59219), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994850, KR994843, KR994834 and KR995043.

Galls on branches, stems, phyllodes, leaves and pods, swollen or distorted with proliferating lobes up to 5 cm diam. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, 160–240 μm wide and 100–170 μm high, punctiform, black, scattered. Spermatia hyaline, ovate or ellipsoid, 2–3 × 4 μm. Telia powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, subglobose to depressed globose, yellowish brown to cinnamon, with 35–44 equatorial striae composed of warts that converge and become indistinct towards the apex, margin verruculose in equatorial view, (15–)16–20(–23) × (21–)22–25(–30) μm, apical germ pore 5–6.5 μm diam; wall 1–4 μm at sides, thickened at apex 3–5.5 μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis, 30–50 × 3.5–6 μm, and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1–1.5 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about 13–18 μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On branches, stems, phyllodes, inflorescences and pods of A. dealbata, A. decurrens, A. elata, A. mearnsii, A. penninervis and A. rubida.

Additional materials examined. Australia, New South Wales, Blackheath, Blue Mountains, Grand Canyon, on A. elata, 16 Mar. 2012, R. Berndt & V. Faust-Berndt, BRIP 55674, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994837, KR994828 and KR995037; New South Wales, Mount Colah, Foxglove, on A. decurrens, 25 Aug. 2012, A.J. Carnegie, BRIP 57629, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994846, KR994838, KR994829 and KR995038; New South Wales, Captains Flat, Parkers Gap Road (-35.6061, 149.7581), on A. elata, 6 Oct. 2012, A.J. Carnegie, BRIP 57878, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994847, KR994839, KR994830 and KR995039; New South Wales, Calga, Peats Ridge (-33.3128, 151.2654), on A. mearnsii, 11 Oct. 2012, A.J. Carnegie, BRIP 57879, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994840, KR994831 and KR995040; New South Wales, Jerangle, Bredbo-Jerangle Road (-35.9189, 149.2569), on A. rubida, 6 Oct. 2012, A.J. Carnegie, BRIP 57929, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994848, KR994841, KR994832 and KR995041; New South Wales, Riamukka, Brackendale Road (-31.4289, 151.6508), on A. penninervis, 16 Oct. 2012, A.J. Carnegie, BRIP 58300, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994849, KR994842, KR994833 and KR995042; Victoria, Kergunyah (-36.3333, 147.0333), on A. dealbata, 30 Apr. 1905, G.H. Robinson, VPRI 5830; Tasmania, Berriedale, Museum of Old and New Art (-42.8122, 147.2619), on A. mearnsii, 12 May 2013, J. Edwards, BRIP 59233, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994851, KR994844, KR994835 and KR995044; Tasmania, Tinderbox (-43.0347, 147.3325), on A. dealbata, 2 Dec. 2012, M. Glenn, BRIP 59234, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KJ633030, KJ633011, KJ632992 and KJ639076.

Notes — Uromycladium murphyi differs from other gall-forming species of Uromycladium by having teleospores with striations comprised of warts rather than distinct striae as in U. tepperianum (McAlpine 1905). Uromycladium murphyi was identified on six species of Acacia in the Botrycephalae subclade sensu Murphy et al. (2010). Many earlier records of this rust species were likely identified as U. notabile, e.g., on A. dealbata (McAlpine 1905, 1906, Barry 2003, Berndt 2010), A. decurrens, A. elata (McAlpine 1905, 1906, Berndt 2010), A. pruinosa (McAlpine 1905, 1906) and A. mearnsii (Barry 2003, Berndt 2010). However, the name Uromycladium notabile is a synonym for another rust Endoraecium digitatum (Fig. 14), which is a nomenclatural consequence of McAlpine (1905) basing his description of Uromycladium notabile on a mixed collection of urediniospores of Endoraecium and teliospores of Uromycladium. Berndt (2011) first recognised that McAlpine’s (1905) description of Uromycladium notabile was based on a mixed collection when he synonymised Uredo notabilis with Endoraecium digitatum.

Fig. 14 — *Uredo notabilis*. a. Illustration of holotype showing host symptoms (III a) on *A. notabilis* and urediniospore ornamentation (III b, c, d) (Ludwig 1890); b. galls on phyllodes of *A. notabilis* (isotype MEL 1054135); c. urediniospore showing reticulate surface. — Scale bar: c = 10 μm.

Intraspecific molecular diversity (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and/or indel sites in the ITS and LSU regions) was found amongst isolates of U. murphyi. It is possible that further species diversity exists within U. murphyi. However, this was not resolved with the species criteria used in the present study and more sampling is needed to determine whether there are cryptic species in this group.

Uromycladium paradoxae Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818551; Fig. 15

Etymology. Name refers to one of the hosts, Acacia paradoxa, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, Victoria, Tarrawingee (-36.3858, 146.4233), on A. paradoxa, 12 May 2013, C. Doungsa-ard, W. Khemmuk & A.D.W. Geering (holotype BRIP 59204), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994806, KR994760, KR994714 and KR995014.

Galls globose on stems and branches, up to 3 cm diam, confluent along stems. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown to dark brown, depressed globose, 200–240 μm wide and 100–120 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ellipsoid, (3–)3.5–4.5(–5.5) × (3–)3.5–6(–7.5) μm. Telia erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 30–44 equatorial striae and 26–32 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (15–)16–18.5(–20) × (18–)20–23(–26) μm, apical germ pore 3.5–5.5 μm diam, deciduous or with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall (1.5–)2–2.5 μm, thickened at the apex 2.5–3.5 μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis (32–)33–57(–65) × 4–5.5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 0.5–1 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about (10–)11–17(–18.5) μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On branches and stems of A. montana, A. paradoxa, A. stricta and A. verniciflua.

Additional specimens examined. Australia, South Australia, Belair, Belair National Park, Queen Jubilee Drive (-35.0075, 138.6428), on A. paradoxa, 20 Dec. 2012, A.D.W. Geering, BRIP 58152; Queensland, Girraween, Girraween National Park, Pyramids Road (-28.8278, 151.5626), on A. stricta, 6 Mar. 2013, C. Doungsa-ard & A.R. McTaggart, BRIP 58602, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994804, KR994758, KR994712 and KR995012; Victoria, Ingliston, Werribee Gorge State Park, 138 Myers Road (-37.6556, 144.3650), on A. montana, 11 May 2013, C. Doungsa-ard, W. Khemmuk & A.D.W. Geering, BRIP 59221, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994807, KR994761, KR994715 and KR995015; Tasmania, St Marys, Elephant Pass Road (-41.5989, 148.2042), on A. verniciflua, 7 Mar. 2013, M. Glenn, BRIP 59235, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994808, KR994762, KR994716 and KR995016.

Notes — There was intraspecific variation from SNPs and indels in the ITS and LSU regions of U. paradoxae from five specimens on four host species, namely A. montana, A. paradoxa, A. stricta and A. verniciflua. This intraspecific variation in U. paradoxae may correspond to host variation or location.

Uromycladium scirpifoliae Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818552; Fig. 16

Etymology. Name refers to one of hosts, Acacia scripifolia, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, Western Australia, Boothendarra, Watheroo National Park (-30.3178, 115.8197), on A. scirpifolia, 28 Sept. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard & A.R. McTaggart (holotype BRIP 57817), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994809, KR994763, KR994717 and KR995017.

Galls on stems and branches, up to 8 cm long and 4 cm wide. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown, depressed globose, 180–220 μm wide and 80–110 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ellipsoid, (2.5–)3–4.5(–5.5) × 4.5–7(–7.5) μm. Telia erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, vesicle absent, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 36–44 equatorial striae and 26–30 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (14–)15.5–19.5(–20) × (19.5–)20–23(–26) μm, apical germ pore 4.5–6 μm diam, deciduous or with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall 2–3 μm, thickened at the apex (2.5–)3–4(–5) μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis (25–)33–75(–80) × 4.5–6 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1–2 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about (15–)17–23(–24) μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On branches and stem of A. scirpifolia.

Additional specimen examined. Australia, Western Australia, Coorow, Midlands Road, 200 m north of Coorow Train Station (-29.8817, 116.0206), on A. scirpifolia, 28 Sept. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard & A.R. McTaggart, BRIP 57827, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994810, KR994764, KR994718 and KR995018.

Note — Uromycladium scirpifoliae occurs on A. scirpifolia in Western Australia and is sister to U. morrisii. These two species together form a sister clade to U. maslinii, which are all restricted to Western Australia.

Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) McAlpine, Ann. Mycol. 3: 310. 1905. emend. (s.str.) Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas — MycoBank MBT373119; Fig. 17

Basionym. Uromyces tepperianus Sacc., Hedwigia 28: 126. 1889.

Synonym. Caeomurus tepperianus (Sacc.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 451. 1898.

Type. Australia, South Australia, on Acacia salicina s.lat., 1889, J.G.O. Tepper, holotype PAD; South Australia, Black Hill, Sandy Creek, on A. salicina s.lat., 1889, J.G.O. Tepper (MEL 2070213 presumed isotype); South Australia, Walker Flat, Angus Valley Road (-34.7569, 139.5531), on A. ligulata, 22 Nov. 2013, A.D.W. Geering (BRIP 59895 here designated as epitype), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994821, KR994775, KR994729 and KR995029.

Galls on stems and branches, up to 15 cm long and 3–5 cm wide, elongated, confluent. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown, depressed globose, 220–240 μm wide and 80–110 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ellipsoid, 3–3.5 × 2–2.5 μm. Telia cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, vesicle absent, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 28–44 equatorial striae and 22–26 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, 14–16(–17) × (18–)19–23(–25) μm, apical germ pore 4–5 μm diam; wall 1.5–2.5(–3) μm, thickened at the apex (2.5–)3–4 μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis (23–)29–55(–70) × 4–5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 0.5–1 μm thick at sides, septum above the basal branch, hyaline.

On stems or branches of A. cupularis, A. ligulata, A. rostellifera, A. sclerosperma and A. xanthina (‘A. bivenosa group’).

Additional materials examined. Australia, Western Australia, Leonora (-29.5431, 122.4828), on A. ligulata, 1 Nov. 2011, A.A. Mitchell, A.M. Holm & A.L. Payne, BRIP 57307, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994811, KR994765, KR994719 and KR995019; Western Australia, Kookynie, Lake Rebecca (-30.0517, 122.2992), on A. ligulata, 27 July 2012, A.A. Mitchell & A.M. Holm, BRIP 57596, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994812, KR994766, KR994720 and KR995020; Western Australia, Mullewa, Geraldton-Mount Magnet Road (-28.5479, 115.5001), on A. rostellifera, 29 Sept. 2012, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57707, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994813, KR994767, KR994721 and KR995021; Western Australia, Mullewa, Geraldton-Mount Magnet Road (-28.5783, 115.4503), on A. rostellifera, 29 Sept. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard & A.R. McTaggart, BRIP 57714, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994814, KR994768, KR994722 and KR995022; Western Australia, Amelup (-34.2531, 118.2092), on A. cupularis, 2 Oct. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57742, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994815, KR994769, KR994723 and KR995023; Western Australia, Amelup (-34.2550, 118.2075), on A. cupularis, 2 Oct. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, Y.M. Li, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 57816, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994816, KR994770, KR994724 and KR995024; Western Australia, Hamilton Hill, Manning Park (-32.0908, 115.7689), on A. xanthina, 23 July 2013, A.A. Mitchell, BRIP 59439, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994820, KR994774, KR994728 and KR995028; Western Australia, Capricorn, Great Northern Highway (-23.9925, 119.5664), on A. sclerosperma, 20 Apr. 2014, A.A. Mitchell, BRIP 61265, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994823, KR994777, KR994731 and KR995031; South Australia, Port Lincoln, Cape Baron PI (-34.7472, 135.8681), on A. cupularis, 20 Dec. 2012, A.D.W. Geering, BRIP 58146, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994817, KR994771, KR994725 and KR995025; South Australia, Murdinga (-33.6900, 135.6881), on A. cupularis, 23 Dec. 2012, A.D.W. Geering, BRIP 58147, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994818, KR994772, KR994726 and KR995026; South Australia, Murdinga (-33.7408, 135.7067), on A. cupularis, 24 Dec. 2012, A.D.W. Geering, BRIP 58160, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994819, KR994773, KR994727 and KR995027; South Australia, Hallett Cove, Hallett Cove Conservation Park (-35.0764, 138.4975), on A. ligulata, 24 Nov. 2013, A.D.W. Geering, BRIP 59899, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994822, KR994776, KR994730 and KR995030.

Notes — The holotype of Uromyces tepperianus was collected on Acacia salicina in South Australia by J.G.O. Tepper and described by Saccardo (1889). McAlpine (1905) transferred this rust to Uromycladium. The holotype of U. tepperianum is located in Saccardo’s collection at PAD (University of Padova, Italy). This specimen was examined by John Walker (pers. comm.), who observed that the teliospores had 22–26 striae that converged at the apex. A presumed isotype (MEL 2070213) of this specimen was examined in the present study and had similar morphology to the description given by Saccardo (1889). An attempt was made to extract DNA from this specimen, but PCR amplifications were unsuccessful.

Acacia salicina, the originally labelled host of the holotype of U. tepperianum, belongs to the ‘A. bivenosa group’ of closely related plant species, which also includes A. ampliceps, A. bivenosa, A. cupularis, A. didyma, A. ligulata, A. rostellifera, A. sclerosperma, A. startii, A. telmica, A. tysonii and A. xanthina (Chapman & Maslin 1992, Joseph et al. 2013a, b). Acacia ligulata has been historically confused with A. salicina (Chapman & Maslin 1992) and at the time of the original fungal description, the two were considered conspecific. The only members of the ‘A. bivenosa group’ that were recognised in the systematic census of Australian plants by Baron Ferdinand von Mueller were A. salicina and A. rostellifera (Von Mueller 1889). Specimens of Uromycladium were examined on five species in the ‘A. bivenosa group’, namely A. cupularis, A. ligulata, A. rostellifera, A. sclerosperma and A. xanthina. Both A. ligulata and A. salicina occur in the type locality, i.e., the Black Hill region near the Murray River in South Australia, but only A. ligulata was observed with gall rust (A.D.W. Geering, unpubl. data). Gall rust was not found on A. salicina at any other location during the course of this study.

Saccardo (1889) described and illustrated Uromyces tepperianus as having teliospores with prominent longitudinal striae, formed on unbranched pedicels. McAlpine (1906) observed that pedicels of Uromyces tepperianus were branched with three teliospores in a head. McAlpine (1906) transferred this species to Uromycladium, which he established for rust fungi on Acacia with teliospores in heads, i.e., on branched pedicels.

The specimen of gall rust on A. ligulata at the type locality (BRIP 59895) had teliospores in agreement with the descriptions and illustrations made by Saccardo (1889), McAlpine (1906) and observed by John Walker (unpubl. data). Saccardo (1889) illustrated a phyllode of the host of Uromyces tepperianus (Fig. 17a). The phyllode length in A. ligulata is 3–10 cm (Chapman & Maslin 1992, Tame 1992), which overlaps with that for A. salicina (4–18 cm) (Simmons 1981, Tame 1992). Saccardo (1889) also illustrated Uromyces tepperianus on an elongated stem gall (Fig. 17a), which is similar to the gall seen on A. ligulata in the type locality. The teliospores of Uromyces tepperianus illustrated by Saccardo (1889) are similar in shape (depressed globose) and surface ornamentation (42–44 equatorial striae) (Fig. 17c) to the rust on A. ligulata. We conclude that the holotype of Uromyces tepperianus was actually collected from A. ligulata. DNA sequence data has been obtained from a recent South Australian collection (BRIP 59895), which is a suitable epitype of U. tepperianum in order to provide nomenclatural stability.

Uromycladium tepperianum is distinct from other species in the genus as it infects hosts in the ‘A. bivenosa group’. Further, U. tepperianum has elongated galls along stems and branches rather than galls that are globose or with proliferating lobes. Uromycladium tepperianum s.str. is known only from Western Australia and South Australia.

Uromycladium tetragonophyllae Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818554; Fig. 18

Etymology. Name refers to the host, Acacia tetragonophylla, on which it was found.

Type. Australia, Western Australia, East Yuna, Yuna-Tenindewa Road (-28.4289, 115.0833), on A. tetragonophylla, 29 Sept. 2012, C. Doungsa-ard & A.R. McTaggart (holotype BRIP 57748), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994824, KR994778, KR994732 and KR995032.

Galls on branches, up to 3 cm long and 1 cm wide. Spermogonia subepidermal associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown to dark brown, depressed globose, 180–220 μm wide and 80–100 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ellipsoid, (3–)3.5–5(–5.5) × (3.5–)4–8(–10) μm. Telia erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, vesicle absent, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 34–45 equatorial striae and 24–30 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (12.5–)14–20(–22) × (17.5–)18–22.5(–25) μm, apical germ pore 3.5–5.5 μm diam., deciduous or sometimes with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall (1.5–)2–2.5(–3) μm, thickened at the apex (2–)2.5–3.5(–4) μm; pedicel branched, with a long axis (25–)28–60(–65) × 4–5.5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 1–2 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about (10–)12–20(–21) μm below the top fertile cell, hyaline.

On branches of A. tetragonophylla.

Notes — Uromycladium tetragonophyllae is only known from the type specimen on A. tetragonophylla in Western Australia.

Uromycladium woodii Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB818556; Fig. 19

Etymology. Named after the South African plant pathologist, Dr Alan R. Wood, who has discovered and collected many rusts in Australia and South Africa.

Type. Australia, Western Australia, Porongurup, on Paraserianthes lophantha, July 2010, L. Braun (spores harvested by A.R. Wood on 24 Feb. 2011 from inoculated plants maintained at the Agricultural Research Council – Plant Protection Research Institute; ARC-PPRI) (holotype BRIP 61600), SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994825, KR994779, KR994733 and KR995033.

Galls on stems and branches, round to elongated, up to 3 cm diam. Spermogonia subepidermal, associated with telia, scattered, reddish brown, depressed globose, 200–240 μm wide and 100–110 μm high. Spermatia hyaline, ellipsoid, (2–)2.5–3.5(–4) × (3–)3.5–5(–6) μm. Telia erumpent, cinnamon brown, powdery. Teliospores in clusters of three, vesicle absent, depressed globose or subglobose, at first hyaline, later cinnamon brown, with 35–45 equatorial striae and 22–35 striae convergent at the apex, margin crenulate in equatorial view, (15.5–)17–20(–21) × (21–)22–25(–27) μm, apical germ pore 3.5–5.5 μm diam, deciduous or with a fragment of the pedicel attached; wall 2–2.5(–3) μm, thickened at the apex (2.5–)3–4.5(–5) μm; pedicel branched, hyaline, with a long axis (20–)29–80(–95) × 4–5.5 μm and two shorter lateral branches, pedicel wall 0.5–1 μm thick at sides, septum situated near and above the basal branch and about 10–23(–27) μm below the apical spore.

On stems of Paraserianthes lophantha (tribe Ingeae).

Additional materials examined. Australia, Western Australia, Porongurup, on P. lophantha, July 2010, L. Braun (spores harvested by A.R. Wood on 28 Aug. 2014, from inoculated plants maintained at ARC-PPRI), BRIP 62249, SSU, ITS, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994826, KR994780, KR994734 and KR995034; Western Australia, Gloucester National Park, near Gloucester Tree, on P. lophantha, 1985, M.J. Morris (from rust maintained on inoculated plants at Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Capital Territory), DAR 52697, LSU and CO3 sequences GenBank KR994735 and KR995035.

Notes — Uromycladium woodii is highly specific to P. lophantha ssp. lophantha (Morris 1987), which is an endemic Western Australian species that has become weedy in South Africa (Impson et al. 2011). This rust was collected from the Porongurup Ranges, Western Australia and maintained on living plants at CSIRO, Australia and the Agricultural Research – Council Plant Protection Research Institute, South Africa, where it was studied as a potential biological control agent for P. lophantha (Impson et al. 2011), and efforts to establish it are underway (A.R. Wood pers. comm.). Uromycladium tepperianum s.lat. was recorded on P. lophantha ssp. montana from Java, Indonesia (Magnus 1892, Boedijn 1959), although it has not been recorded there or on this plant recently. The relationship of this rust on P. lophantha ssp. montana in Indonesia to U. woodii should be determined, i.e., do they represent one widely distributed species or two distinct species. These rusts on P. lophantha represent a host jump from Acacia to P. lophantha, a sister species to Acacia (Brown et al. 2011).

DISCUSSION

The present study defined U. tepperianum s.str. by host range and a phylogenetic species concept. An epitype specimen of U. tepperanium was designated to provide future nomenclatural stability for this taxon. The phylogenetic hypothesis in this study has confirmed the observations by Samuel (1924), Burges (1934) and Morris (1987) that U. tepperianum was a species complex on multiple hosts, and a new taxonomy has been proposed. Uromycladium tepperianum s.lat. was divided into 16 species, which are formally described here. This takes the number of rust fungi in Australia to over 370 reported species (Shivas et al. 2014). Doungsa-ard (2015) determined that the presence of three teliospores on branched pedicels with striate teliospore walls was synapomorphic for U. tepperianum s.lat., and this finding was supported by the present study. At the species level, the morphology of spore characters is not useful to separate many of these taxa with three, striate teliospores per pedicel.

Phylogenetic analyses of genes from nuclear rDNA and mitochondrial DNA showed that the majority of these new species of Uromycladium were host specific on a single species of Acacia. There were four exceptions, namely U. maslinii, U. murphyi, U. paradoxae and U. tepperianum s.str., which occurred on more than one closely-related host species of Acacia. Molecular evidence from the ITS region indicated there was intraspecific diversity in U. holosericeae, U. morrisii, U. murphyi and U. paradoxae. This may reflect the intraspecific diversity of their host species, such as in A. saligna for U. morrisii (Thompson 2012) and species of the Botrycephaleae clade sensu Murphy et al. (2010) for U. murphyi.

The identification of species of Uromycladium in the proposed taxonomy depends on accurate identification of the host species. The host range of taxa with three, striate teliospores per pedicel in Uromycladium includes species of Acacia in sections Phyllodineae, Plurinerves, Juliflorae, and the Pulchelloidea clade, referred to in traditional classifications (Maslin 2013). Based on recent systematic studies of Acacia, A. saligna (host of U. morrisii) was transferred from sect. Phyllodineae and placed in the Pulchelloidea clade sensu Murphy et al. (2010), which also contains species of Acacia in sections Alatae, Lycopodifoliae and Pulchellae (Murphy et al. 2010). It is interesting that species of Uromycladium with three, striate teliospores per pedicel have not otherwise been recorded on host species in these three sections.

McTaggart et al. (2016) determined that host jumps, followed by shifts and coevolution, shaped the extant diversity of rust fungi in the last 115 million years. Uromycladium diversified approximately 16 million years ago, with the three-celled species of Uromycladium younger than 10 million years old. The present study showed that Uromycladium diversified on Acacia, with U. falcatariae and U. woodii as result of two independent host jumps from Acacia to the tribe Ingeae (Doungsa-ard et al. 2015). The evolutionary history of the 16 new species on Acacia is still uncertain and warrants future study. For instance, U. maslinii occurs on hosts in two closely related sections, namely Juliflorae and Plurinerves (Murphy et al. 2010). We hypothesize that the host range of U. maslinii across different sections of Acacia may be the result of host jumps. On the other hand, coevolution or shifts to closely related host species may have occurred in species such as U. paradoxae and U. morrisii, which occur on multiple species or subspecies of Acacia that are closely related (Thompson 2012, Maslin 2013). Similarly, coevolution or host shifts explained much of the observed species diversity in Endoraecium, another genus of rust fungi on Acacia (McTaggart et al. 2015). Further species diversity of Uromycladium may be discovered when the numerous rusts that produce galls on Acacia and closely related genera, are examined with a phylogenetic approach, considered together with host range.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program (Project No. PBCRC62081). We also thank John Walker for specimens of Uromycladium and his insightful and helpful comments. We are grateful to Reinhard Berndt, Angus Carnegie, Jacky Edwards, Morag Glenn, Andrew Mitchell, Alan Wood, Marjan Shivas, Margaret Geering, Louise Shuey, and the Thai Department of Agriculture for support and provision of specimens.

REFERENCES

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Berndt R. 2010. Uromycladium naracoortensis, a new species of rust fungi (Uredinales) from Australia, with new observations on described Uromycladium species. Polish Botanical Journal 55: 299–308. [Google Scholar]
Berndt R. 2011. Taxonomic revision of Endoraecium digitatum (rust fungi, Uredinales) with description of four new species from Australia and Hawaii. Mycological Progress 10: 497–517. [Google Scholar]
Boedijn KB. 1959. The Uredinales of Indonesia. Nova Hedwigia 1: 463–496. [Google Scholar]
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Brown GK, Murphy DJ, Ladiges PY. 2011. Relationships of the Australo-Malesian genus Paraserianthes (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) identifies the sister group of Acacia sensu stricto and two biogeographical tracks. Cladistics 27: 380–390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, et al. 2004. MycoBank: an online initiative to launch mycology into the 21st century. Studies in Mycology 50: 19–22. [Google Scholar]
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Doungsa-ard C. 2015. The diversity and coevolution of gall rusts (Uromycladium) on Australian Acacia species. PhD thesis, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Australia. [Google Scholar]
Doungsa-ard C, McTaggart AR, Geering ADW, et al. 2015. Uromycladium falcatarium sp. nov., the cause of gall rust on Paraserianthes falcataria in south-east Asia. Australasian Plant Pathology 44: 25–30. [Google Scholar]
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Gathe J. 1971. Host range and symptoms in Western Australia of the gall rust, Uromycladium tepperianum. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 54: 114–118. [Google Scholar]
Gowers LJ. 1990. Native trees and shrubs of the Ballarat region. Department of Conservation and Environment, Ballarat, Australia. [Google Scholar]
Impson FAC, Kleinjan CA, Hoffmann JH, et al. 2011. Biological control of Australian Acacia species and Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) Nielsen (Mimosaceae) in South Africa. African Entomology 19: 186–207. [Google Scholar]
Joseph S, Bhave M, Miller JT, et al. 2013a. Rapid identification of Acacia species with potential salt tolerance by using nuclear ribosomal DNA markers. Sustainable Agriculture Research 2: 77–86. [Google Scholar]
Joseph S, Murphy DJ, Miller JT, et al. 2013b. Application of molecular markers for identification of potential salt tolerant plant species for use in agroforestry and saline land reclamation. APCBEE Procedia 5: 514–519. [Google Scholar]
Katoh K, Toh H. 2008. Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Briefings in Bioinformatics 9: 286–298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Maslin BR. 2013. World Wide Wattle ver. 2. Published on the Internet at www.worldwidewattle.com [accessed 1 Feb. 2016].
Maslin BR, George AS, Kodela PG, et al. 2001. Key to groups. In: Flora of Australia. Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia part 1: 43–195. ABRS/CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia. [Google Scholar]
McAlpine D. 1905. A new genus of Uredineae – Uromycladium. Annales Mycologici 3: 303–322. [Google Scholar]
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McTaggart AR, Doungsa-ard C, Geering ADW, et al. 2015. A co-evolutionary relationship exists between Endoraecium (Pucciniales) and its Acacia hosts in Australia. Persoonia 35: 50–62. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Millar MA, Byrne M, Nuberg I, et al. 2008. A rapid PCR-based diagnostic test for the identification of subspecies of Acacia saligna. Tree Genetics and Genomes 4: 625–635. [Google Scholar]
Millar MA, Byrne M, O’Sullivan W. 2011. Defining entities in the Acacia saligna (Fabaceae) species complex using a population genetics approach. Australian Journal of Botany 59: 137–148. [Google Scholar]
Morris MJ. 1987. Biology of the Acacia gall rust, Uromycladium tepperianum. Plant Pathology 36: 100–106. [Google Scholar]
Morris MJ. 1991. The use of plant pathogens for biological weed control in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 37: 239–255. [Google Scholar]
Morris MJ. 1997. Impact of the gall-forming rust fungus Uromycladium tepperianum on the invasive tree Acacia saligna in South Africa. Biological Control 10: 75–82. [Google Scholar]
Murphy DJ, Brown GK, Miller JT, et al. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of Acacia Mill. (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae): evidence for major clades and informal classification. Taxon 59: 7–19. [Google Scholar]
Nylander JA, Wilgenbusch JC, Warren DL, et al. 2008. AWTY (are we there yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics. Bioinformatics 24: 581–583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Old KM, Cristovao CDS. 2003. A rust epidemic of the coffee shade tree (Paraserianthes falcataria) in East Timor. In: Da Costa H, Piggin C, Da Cruz CJ, et al. (eds), Agriculture: New directions for a new nation – East Timor (Timor-Leste). ACAIR Proceedings no. 113. Accessed at http://www.gov.east-timor.org/MAFF/ta100/ta120.pdf.
Pedley L. 1978. A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland. Austrobaileya 1: 75–234. [Google Scholar]
Rahayu S. 2011. Gall rust disease epidemic on Falcataria moluccana in Indonesia and Malaysia. In: Heok-Choh S, Hamid SA, Mei L. (eds), Asia and the Pacific workshop: Multinational and transboundary conservation of valuable and endangered forest tree species: 110–112. IUFRO, Guangzhou, China. [Google Scholar]
Rahayu S, Lee SS, Shukor NAA. 2010. Uromycladium tepperianum, the gall rust fungus from Falcataria moluccana in Malaysia and Indonesia. Mycoscience 51: 149–153. [Google Scholar]
Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Saccardo PA. 1889. Mycetes aliquot australienses a cl. J.G.O. Tepper lecti et a cl. prof. F. Ludwig communicati. Hedwigia 28: 125–128. [Google Scholar]
Samuel G. 1924. Some new records of fungi for South Australia. Part III. Together with a description of two new species of Puccinia. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 48: 149–161. [Google Scholar]
Savile DBO. 1971. Generic disposition and pycnium type in Uredinales. Mycologia 63: 1089–1091. [Google Scholar]
Shivas RG, Beasley DR, McTaggart AR. 2014. Online identification guides for Australian smut fungi (Ustilaginomycotina) and rust fungi (Pucciniales). IMA Fungus 5: 195–202. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Simmons MH. 1981. Acacias of Australia. Thomas Nelson, Melbourne, Australia. [Google Scholar]
Stamatakis A. 2014. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Vialle A, Feau N, Allaire M, et al. 2009. Evaluation of mitochondrial genes as DNA barcode for Basidiomycota. Molecular Ecology Resources 9: 99–113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Vilgalys R, Hester M. 1990. Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Von Mueller F. 1889. Second systematic census of Australian plants with chronological, literary and geographic annotations. McCarron, Bird & Co., Melbourne, Australia. [Google Scholar]
Walker J. 1983. Pacific mycogeography: deficiencies and irregularities in the distribution of plant parasitic fungi. Australian Journal of Botany Supplementary Series 10: 89–136. [Google Scholar]
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, et al. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis M, Gelfand D, Shinsky J, et al. (eds), PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications: 315–322. Academic Press, Orlando, USA. [Google Scholar]
Widyastuti SM, Harjono H, Surya ZA. 2013. Initial infection of Falcataria moluccana leaves and Acacia mangium phyllodes by Uromycladium tepperianum fungi in a laboratory trial. Jurnal of Manajemen Hutan Tropika 19: 187–193. [Google Scholar]
Wood AR. 2012. Uromycladium tepperianum (a gall forming rust fungus) causes a sustained epidemic on the weed Acacia saligna in South Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology 41: 255–261. [Google Scholar]
Wood AR, Morris MJ. 2007. Impact of the gall-forming rust fungus Uromycladium tepperianum on the invasive tree Acacia saligna in South Africa: 15 years of monitoring. Biological Control 41: 68–77. [Google Scholar]

[R1] Aime MC. 2006. Toward resolving family-level relationships in rust fungi (Uredinales). Mycoscience 47: 112–122. [Google Scholar]

[R2] Barry K. 2003. Galls on Tasmanian wattles caused by rust fungi-evidence for formae speciales of Uromycladium notabile. The Tasmanian Naturalist 125: 35–39. [Google Scholar]

[R3] Berndt R. 2010. Uromycladium naracoortensis, a new species of rust fungi (Uredinales) from Australia, with new observations on described Uromycladium species. Polish Botanical Journal 55: 299–308. [Google Scholar]

[R4] Berndt R. 2011. Taxonomic revision of Endoraecium digitatum (rust fungi, Uredinales) with description of four new species from Australia and Hawaii. Mycological Progress 10: 497–517. [Google Scholar]

[R5] Boedijn KB. 1959. The Uredinales of Indonesia. Nova Hedwigia 1: 463–496. [Google Scholar]

[R6] Braza RD. 1997. Gall rust disease of Paraserianthes falcataria in the Philippines. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports 2: 61–62. [Google Scholar]

[R7] Brown GK, Murphy DJ, Ladiges PY. 2011. Relationships of the Australo-Malesian genus Paraserianthes (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) identifies the sister group of Acacia sensu stricto and two biogeographical tracks. Cladistics 27: 380–390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R8] Burges A. 1934. Studies in the genus Uromycladium (Uredineae). I. General introduction, the anatomy of the galls, and the cytology of the vegetative mycelium and pycnia of Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) McAlp. on Acacia stricta Willd. Proceedings of The Linnean Society of New South Wales 59: 212–228. [Google Scholar]

[R9] Chapman AR, Maslin BR. 1992. Acacia miscellany 5. A review of the A. bivenosa group (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae: section Phyllodineae). Nuytsia 8: 249–283. [Google Scholar]

[R10] Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, et al. 2004. MycoBank: an online initiative to launch mycology into the 21st century. Studies in Mycology 50: 19–22. [Google Scholar]

[R11] Doran J, Turnbull JW. 1997. Australian trees and shrubs: Species for land rehabilitation and farm planting in the tropics. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. [Google Scholar]

[R12] Doungsa-ard C. 2015. The diversity and coevolution of gall rusts (Uromycladium) on Australian Acacia species. PhD thesis, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Australia. [Google Scholar]

[R13] Doungsa-ard C, McTaggart AR, Geering ADW, et al. 2015. Uromycladium falcatarium sp. nov., the cause of gall rust on Paraserianthes falcataria in south-east Asia. Australasian Plant Pathology 44: 25–30. [Google Scholar]

[R14] Gardes M, Bruns TD. 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2: 113–118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R15] Gathe J. 1971. Host range and symptoms in Western Australia of the gall rust, Uromycladium tepperianum. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 54: 114–118. [Google Scholar]

[R16] Gowers LJ. 1990. Native trees and shrubs of the Ballarat region. Department of Conservation and Environment, Ballarat, Australia. [Google Scholar]

[R17] Impson FAC, Kleinjan CA, Hoffmann JH, et al. 2011. Biological control of Australian Acacia species and Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) Nielsen (Mimosaceae) in South Africa. African Entomology 19: 186–207. [Google Scholar]

[R18] Joseph S, Bhave M, Miller JT, et al. 2013a. Rapid identification of Acacia species with potential salt tolerance by using nuclear ribosomal DNA markers. Sustainable Agriculture Research 2: 77–86. [Google Scholar]

[R19] Joseph S, Murphy DJ, Miller JT, et al. 2013b. Application of molecular markers for identification of potential salt tolerant plant species for use in agroforestry and saline land reclamation. APCBEE Procedia 5: 514–519. [Google Scholar]

[R20] Katoh K, Toh H. 2008. Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Briefings in Bioinformatics 9: 286–298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R21] Kuntze O. 1898. Revisio Generum Plantarum 3: 1–576. [Google Scholar]

[R22] Liu K, Warnow TJ, Holder MT, et al. 2012. SATe-II: very fast and accurate simultaneous estimation of multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees. Systematic Biology 61: 90–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R23] Ludwig F. 1890. Über einige neue Pilze aus Australien. Botanisches Zentralblatt 43: 5–9. [Google Scholar]

[R24] Magnus P. 1892. Zur kenntniss der verbreitung einiger pilze. Bericht der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 10: 195–200. [Google Scholar]

[R25] Maslin BR. 2013. World Wide Wattle ver. 2. Published on the Internet at www.worldwidewattle.com [accessed 1 Feb. 2016].

[R26] Maslin BR, George AS, Kodela PG, et al. 2001. Key to groups. In: Flora of Australia. Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia part 1: 43–195. ABRS/CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia. [Google Scholar]

[R27] McAlpine D. 1905. A new genus of Uredineae – Uromycladium. Annales Mycologici 3: 303–322. [Google Scholar]

[R28] McAlpine D. 1906. The rusts of Australia. Government Printer, Melbourne, Australia. [Google Scholar]

[R29] McTaggart AR, Doungsa-ard C, Geering ADW, et al. 2015. A co-evolutionary relationship exists between Endoraecium (Pucciniales) and its Acacia hosts in Australia. Persoonia 35: 50–62. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R30] McTaggart AR, Shivas RG, Van der Nest MA, et al. 2016. Host jumps shaped the diversity of extant rust fungi (Pucciniales). New Phytologist 209: 1149–1158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R31] Millar MA, Byrne M. 2007. Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. (Mimosaceae). Molecular Ecology Notes 7: 1372–1374. [Google Scholar]

[R32] Millar MA, Byrne M, Nuberg I, et al. 2008. A rapid PCR-based diagnostic test for the identification of subspecies of Acacia saligna. Tree Genetics and Genomes 4: 625–635. [Google Scholar]

[R33] Millar MA, Byrne M, O’Sullivan W. 2011. Defining entities in the Acacia saligna (Fabaceae) species complex using a population genetics approach. Australian Journal of Botany 59: 137–148. [Google Scholar]

[R34] Morris MJ. 1987. Biology of the Acacia gall rust, Uromycladium tepperianum. Plant Pathology 36: 100–106. [Google Scholar]

[R35] Morris MJ. 1991. The use of plant pathogens for biological weed control in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 37: 239–255. [Google Scholar]

[R36] Morris MJ. 1997. Impact of the gall-forming rust fungus Uromycladium tepperianum on the invasive tree Acacia saligna in South Africa. Biological Control 10: 75–82. [Google Scholar]

[R37] Murphy DJ, Brown GK, Miller JT, et al. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of Acacia Mill. (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae): evidence for major clades and informal classification. Taxon 59: 7–19. [Google Scholar]

[R38] Nylander JA, Wilgenbusch JC, Warren DL, et al. 2008. AWTY (are we there yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics. Bioinformatics 24: 581–583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R39] Old KM, Cristovao CDS. 2003. A rust epidemic of the coffee shade tree (Paraserianthes falcataria) in East Timor. In: Da Costa H, Piggin C, Da Cruz CJ, et al. (eds), Agriculture: New directions for a new nation – East Timor (Timor-Leste). ACAIR Proceedings no. 113. Accessed at http://www.gov.east-timor.org/MAFF/ta100/ta120.pdf.

[R40] Pedley L. 1978. A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland. Austrobaileya 1: 75–234. [Google Scholar]

[R41] Rahayu S. 2011. Gall rust disease epidemic on Falcataria moluccana in Indonesia and Malaysia. In: Heok-Choh S, Hamid SA, Mei L. (eds), Asia and the Pacific workshop: Multinational and transboundary conservation of valuable and endangered forest tree species: 110–112. IUFRO, Guangzhou, China. [Google Scholar]

[R42] Rahayu S, Lee SS, Shukor NAA. 2010. Uromycladium tepperianum, the gall rust fungus from Falcataria moluccana in Malaysia and Indonesia. Mycoscience 51: 149–153. [Google Scholar]

[R43] Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R44] Saccardo PA. 1889. Mycetes aliquot australienses a cl. J.G.O. Tepper lecti et a cl. prof. F. Ludwig communicati. Hedwigia 28: 125–128. [Google Scholar]

[R45] Samuel G. 1924. Some new records of fungi for South Australia. Part III. Together with a description of two new species of Puccinia. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 48: 149–161. [Google Scholar]

[R46] Savile DBO. 1971. Generic disposition and pycnium type in Uredinales. Mycologia 63: 1089–1091. [Google Scholar]

[R47] Shivas RG, Beasley DR, McTaggart AR. 2014. Online identification guides for Australian smut fungi (Ustilaginomycotina) and rust fungi (Pucciniales). IMA Fungus 5: 195–202. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R48] Simmons MH. 1981. Acacias of Australia. Thomas Nelson, Melbourne, Australia. [Google Scholar]

[R49] Stamatakis A. 2014. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R50] Sydow P, Sydow H. 1915. Monographia Uredinearum, vol 3. Bornträger, Leipzig. [Google Scholar]

[R51] Tame T. 1992. Acacias of Southeast Australia. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, Australia. [Google Scholar]

[R52] Thompson GD. 2012. Molecular ecology of two invasive legumes (Acacia saligna and Paraserinathes lophantha). Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. [Google Scholar]

[R53] Vialle A, Feau N, Allaire M, et al. 2009. Evaluation of mitochondrial genes as DNA barcode for Basidiomycota. Molecular Ecology Resources 9: 99–113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R54] Vilgalys R, Hester M. 1990. Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[R55] Von Mueller F. 1889. Second systematic census of Australian plants with chronological, literary and geographic annotations. McCarron, Bird & Co., Melbourne, Australia. [Google Scholar]

[R56] Walker J. 1983. Pacific mycogeography: deficiencies and irregularities in the distribution of plant parasitic fungi. Australian Journal of Botany Supplementary Series 10: 89–136. [Google Scholar]

[R57] White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, et al. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis M, Gelfand D, Shinsky J, et al. (eds), PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications: 315–322. Academic Press, Orlando, USA. [Google Scholar]

[R58] Widyastuti SM, Harjono H, Surya ZA. 2013. Initial infection of Falcataria moluccana leaves and Acacia mangium phyllodes by Uromycladium tepperianum fungi in a laboratory trial. Jurnal of Manajemen Hutan Tropika 19: 187–193. [Google Scholar]

[R59] Wood AR. 2012. Uromycladium tepperianum (a gall forming rust fungus) causes a sustained epidemic on the weed Acacia saligna in South Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology 41: 255–261. [Google Scholar]

[R60] Wood AR, Morris MJ. 2007. Impact of the gall-forming rust fungus Uromycladium tepperianum on the invasive tree Acacia saligna in South Africa: 15 years of monitoring. Biological Control 41: 68–77. [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Diversity of gall-forming rusts (Uromycladium, Pucciniales) on Acacia in Australia

C Doungsa-ard

AR McTaggart

ADW Geering

RG Shivas

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimen selection and morphological examination

Table 1.

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and DNA sequencing

Phylogenetic analyses

RESULTS

Phylogenetic relationships obtained with nuclear rDNA and mitochondrial loci

Fig. 1.

TAXONOMY

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.

Fig. 16.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 18.

Fig. 19.

DISCUSSION

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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