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. 2018 Sep 20;15:272. doi: 10.1186/s12974-018-1305-3

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Successive PGJ2 microinfusions induce microglia morphological and functional changes detected post-mortem. a TH (blue, dopaminergic) and Iba1 (red, microglia) immunostaining shows a gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons and gain of activated microglia in the ipsilateral SNpc. Scale bar = 50 μm. b The overall numbers of microglia in the ipsilateral SNpc did not significantly differ between DMSO (control) and PGJ2–treated rats. c Microglia morphologic changes represented by the form factor (FF) calculated as 4π X area/perimeter². d The number of reactive and amoeboid microglia significantly increased in the ipsilateral SNpc of rats receiving two (2X) PGJ2 injections at 4 weeks but not at 8 weeks post-injections, compared to controls (DMSO-treated). Values on the y-axis represent the ratios between the ipsilateral SNpc over the contralateral, normalized to the number of ramified microglia. Black circles, control, DMSO-treated rats; red circles, PGJ2-treated rats. Statistical significance was estimated with the Student’s T test to compare DMSO and PGJ2-treated groups, and between two PGJ2-treated groups. The p values in red indicate significant (p < 0.05) difference from DMSO-injected rats. N = 3 rats per group. X = number of injections (once per week)