Table 2.

Standardized Probit Regression Coefficients (β) for Mediation Model in Full-Sample and Multigroup Analyses

	Full-sample analyses		Selected multigroup analyses
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 5			Model 7			Model 9
	CS.	Long.	Gender			Race/Ethnicity			Age
Effect	N = 5,250	N = 2,013	Male	Female	p Valuea	White	Minority	p Valuea	Young	Old	p Valuea
			n = 2,243	n = 3,007		n = 4,446	n = 804		n = 4,318	n = 932
Frail2←Frail1	—	.31**	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Frail2←C.Stress	—	.05	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Frail2←Ctrl.	—	−.15*	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Frail2←SES	—	−.10†	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Frail2←Age	—	.20**	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Frail2←Male	—	.01	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Frail2←White	—	−.04	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Frail1←C.Stress	.02	.05	.03	.00	NS	.01	.17	NS	−.01	−.01	NS
Frail1←Ctrl.	−.16**	−.02	−.10	−.20**	NS	−.17**	.06	NS	−.16*	−.31**	NS
Frail1←SES	−.03	−.12	−.14†	.05	.03	−.03	−.09	NS	−.06	−.02	NS
Frail1←Age	.27**	.18**	.27**	.28**	NS	.28**	.27*	NS	—	—	—
Frail1←Male	.03	.02	—	—	—	.04	.01	NS	.01	.12	NS
Frail1←White	−.10**	−.09*	−.07	−.14**	NS	—	—	—	−.11**	−.07	NS
Ctrl.←C.Stress	−.40**	−.33**	−.44**	−.36**	NS	−.40**	−.39**	NS	−.41**	−.25**	NS
Ctrl.←SES	.33**	.24**	.33**	.27**	NS	.32**	.37	NS	.34**	.28†	NS
Ctrl.←Age	−.29**	−.20**	−.21**	−.36**	NS	−.30**	−.16	NS	—	—	—
Ctrl.←Male	−.01	.03	—	—	—	−.00	−.15	NS	−.01	.14†	.05
Ctrl.←White	−.03	.05	−.01	−.04	NS	—	—	—	−.03	−.10	NS
C.Stress←SES	−.10*	−.07	−.19**	−.01	.02	−.07	−.37*	.03	−.13*	.09	.02
C.Stress←Age	−.15**	−.10*	−.14**	−.14**	NS	−.15**	−.22**	NS	—	—	—
C.Stress←Male	−.05†	−.04	—	—	—	−.07*	11	NS	−.04	−.12†	NS
C.Stress←White	−.07*	−.01	−.10**	−.03	NS	—	—	—	−.05†	−.16**	.03

Notes: Results of Models 3 and 4 (cross-sectional and longitudinal moderation models) are not presented. Models 6 and 10 (longitudinal subsamples) are not presented, as results were highly similar to Models 5 and 9.

CS = cross-sectional; C.Stress = chronic stress; Ctrl = perceived control; Frail1 = frailty at baseline; Frail2 = frailty at time 2; Long = longitudinal; NS = not significant; SES = socioeconomic status.

^aProbability value for critical ratio (z score) of difference between parameters across groups.

^† p < .05. *p < .01. **p < .001.