Table 1.

Illustration of beneficiaries and potential metrics for final ecosystem goods and services for freshwater ecosystems to be considered in our case studies^a 

Environment	Case study 1: River or stream	Case study 2: Lake
Selected Beneficiariesb	Recreational anglers; people who care	Property owners; waders, swimmers, and divers; boaters; recreational anglers
Final ecosystem services for the selected beneficiaries	Provisioning of recreational fishing opportunities	Recreational experience (e.g., opportunity and conditions for wading, swimming, and/or boating); provisioning of recreational fish
Examples of potential metrics for the final ecosystem service, previously used in stated- preference surveys	Abundance of game fish Abundance of game fish of catchable size Numbers of species of abundant game fish Ratio of game fish to rough fish Safety of game fish for consumption Estimated sustainability of game fish population under different use assumptions (number of days fishery is open; type of fishing equipment allowed)	Water clarity Frequency of algal blooms Abundance of game fish Abundance of game fish of catchable size Numbers of species of abundant game fish

^aExamples are based on descriptions used in published economic surveys: Some metrics may be easy to estimate using existing models; others may require development of new quantitative relationships.

^b”Waders, swimmers, and divers” and “Anglers” are 2 example beneficiary categories for freshwater environments as identified in the Final Ecosystem Goods and Services Classification System ²⁷. The full list of beneficiaries for these environments also includes municipal drinking water plant operators, wastewater-treatment plant operators, residential property owners, water subsisters, food subsisters, experiencers and viewers, boaters, and “people who care” (existence and option values). References for uses of metrics: ⁸⁵-⁹³.