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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 20.
Published in final edited form as: J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2016 Oct 19;19(8):380–409. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2016.1215772

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

The center sequence from environmental exposure through health effects is represented by the biological progression of biomarkers and responses of increasing complexity that are assessed in human biological samples. The upper entries represent bioindicators of effect (or at least preclinical effects) generally found in circulating blood. The lower entries represent biomarkers of recovery and repair functions; those labeled passive and active elimination are typically found in breath and urine or sequestered in adipose tissues. DNA repair and cell turnover are not generally directly observable as biomarkers but are inferred from a reduction in damage biomarkers.