Fig. 2.
Mechanisms involved in endothelial reprogramming. Different signalling pathways together with epigenetic and transcriptional regulations comprehensively modulate the reprogramming towards the endothelial lineage. Relevant signalling pathways include VEGF, BMP, NOTCH, TGF-β, FGF signalling pathways. Epigenetic modulations include chromatin reorganisation, DNA demethylation, and post-translational histone modification. Transcriptional level is the wide-scale gene expression regulations induced by ectopically overexpressed transcription factors.