(A) Podocyte apoptosis induced by PAN (50 μg/ mL) is exaggerated by LY294002, whereas it is reduced by 4-PBA and TUDCA, as seen using TUNEL assay (n = 3). (B and C) siRNA for ATF6α and Nox4 may reduce apoptosis. Whereas, siRNA for CD2AP itself induces apoptosis and further increases that induced by PAN (n = 3) (D and E). Podocyte apoptosis is induced by PAN (50 μg/mL) and modulated by 4-PBA, TUDCA, and siRNAs, as confirmed by FACS assay (n = 3). Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Control (100%); value without PAN. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 versus control. #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 versus respective values with PAN.
ATF, activating transcription factor; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; PAN, puromycin aminonucleoside; PBA, phenylbutyric acid; si, small interference; TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling.