Fig 5. Machine learning nomograms for meningioma outcomes.

Nomograms built using a penalized Cox model (adaptive elastic net) to predict 5-year freedom from LF (left) and 5-year survival (right) on the full sample. This procedure provides accurate survival estimates even in the presence of correlated features, which are not allowed in the original Cox regression model. Scatter plots show observed versus predicted probabilities obtained by training on 100 bootstrap samples and testing on the left-out set.