Table 2. Predictors of hypertension prevalence among men and women aged 35–64 years, Namibia DHS 2013.
| Men | Women | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1,273 | No. (%) with hypertension | OR | 95% CI | p-value | n = 1,795 | No. (%) with hypertension | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 1,273 | 556 (44.3) | 1.06 | 1.0–1.1 | <0.001 | 1795 | 813 (44.9) | 1.05 | 1.0–1.1 | <0.001 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| No education/preschool only | 231 | 105 (17.3) | [ref] | 241 | 133 (12.9) | [ref] | ||||
| Primary | 402 | 171 (30.9) | 0.85 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.377 | 638 | 287 (34.6) | 0.70 | 0.5–0.1 | 0.033 |
| Secondary or higher | 640 | 280 (51.9) | 0.80 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.241 | 916 | 393 (49.1) | 0.61 | 0.4–0.9 | 0.009 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Oshiwambo | 463 | 207 (45.8) | [ref] | 758 | 304 (47.9) | [ref] | ||||
| Damara/Nama | 230 | 97 (12.8) | 0.76 | 0.5–1.1 | 0.128 | 295 | 144 (12.7) | 0.78 | 0.6–1.1 | 0.130 |
| Afrikaans | 201 | 96 (13.4) | 0.67 | 0.4–1.0 | 0.067 | 239 | 128 (10.9) | 0.96 | 0.7–1.4 | 0.843 |
| Herero | 148 | 69 (11.6) | 0.81 | 0.5–1.2 | 0.334 | 179 | 103 (10.8) | 1.47 | 1.0–2.1 | 0.039 |
| Other | 231 | 87 (16.4) | 0.69 | 0.5–1.0 | 0.043 | 324 | 134 (17.7) | 0.94 | 0.7–1.3 | 0.690 |
| Residence | ||||||||||
| Rural | 659 | 260 (44.6) | [ref] | 981 | 395 (48.8) | [ref] | ||||
| Urban | 614 | 296 (55.4) | 1.57 | 1.2–2.1 | 0.002 | 814 | 418 (51.2) | 1.63 | 1.3–2.1 | <0.001 |
| Occupational status | ||||||||||
| Not currently working | 469 | 202 (38.2) | [ref] | 1137 | 495 (58.9) | [ref] | ||||
| Managerial/professional/technical/clerical | 131 | 67 (12.4) | 1.01 | 0.6–1.6 | 0.955 | 215 | 112 (15.5) | 1.26 | 0.9–1.8 | 0.199 |
| Sales/services/ industry | 362 | 149 (28.3) | 0.73 | 0.5–1.0 | 0.063 | 121 | 55 (7.0) | 1.04 | 0.7–1.6 | 0.847 |
| Other | 311 | 138 (21.1) | 1.05 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.783 | 322 | 151 (18.6) | 1.16 | 0.9–1.5 | 0.312 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||||
| Lowest | 196 | 63 (12.5) | [ref] | 332 | 113 (15.8) | [ref] | ||||
| Second | 222 | 96 (16.8) | 1.45 | 0.9–2.3 | 0.097 | 343 | 145 (18.3) | 1.23 | 0.9–1.8 | 0.235 |
| Middle | 261 | 111 (19.8) | 1.18 | 0.8–1.9 | 0.465 | 340 | 155 (18.8) | 1.19 | 0.8–1.7 | 0.353 |
| Fourth | 309 | 144 (25.7) | 1.07 | 0.7–1.7 | 0.787 | 411 | 216 (25.4) | 1.21 | 0.8–1.8 | 0.363 |
| Highest | 285 | 142 (25.3) | 0.88 | 0.5–1.6 | 0.657 | 369 | 184 (21.8) | 0.90 | 0.6–1.5 | 0.670 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||
| Does not currently smoke | 882 | 405 (76.3) | [ref] | 1564 | 687 (87.7) | [ref] | ||||
| Smokes cigarettes | 309 | 118 (18.4) | 0.88 | 0.7–1.2 | 0.412 | 131 | 70 (6.0) | 1.38 | 0.9–2.1 | 0.128 |
| Smokes pipes, cigars, etc. | 82 | 33 (5.3) | 0.92 | 0.6–1.5 | 0.737 | 100 | 56 (6.3) | 1.50 | 1.0–2.4 | 0.079 |
| BMI status, kg/m2 | ||||||||||
| Normal weight range | 723 | 280(50.2) | [ref] | 699 | 256 (35.9) | [ref] | ||||
| Underweight | 186 | 53(9.3) | 0.57 | 0.4–0.8 | 0.004 | 156 | 43 (4.8) | 0.63 | 0.4–1.0 | 0.028 |
| Overweight | 228 | 130(24.5) | 2.16 | 1.5–3.0 | <0.001 | 447 | 207 (24.5) | 1.45 | 1.1–1.9 | 0.006 |
| Obese | 136 | 93(16.0) | 3.79 | 2.4–6.0 | <0.001 | 493 | 307 (34.9) | 2.64 | 2.0–3.5 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 89 | 52 (8.4) | 1.36 | 0.8–2.2 | 0.220 | 120 | 85 (8.9) | 2.23 | 1.4–3.4 | <0.001 |
DHS = Demographic and Health Survey; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval
Analyses performed separately for males and females