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. 2018 Sep 15;10(9):244–259. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v10.i9.244

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©The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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TGF/Smad pathway. TGFβ signalling is initiated via the binding of the TGFβ1 ligand to receptor II, which promotes dimerization between receptor II and receptor I and the subsequent transphosphorylation of TGFβRI. Activated TGFβRI therein phosphorylates and activates receptor-regulated Smads (Smad2 and Smad3). Phosphorylated Smads, along with co-Smads, form a trimeric complex and translocate to the nucleus to induce the transcription of target genes and promote cell growth and survival. TGF: Transforming growth factor.