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. 2018 Sep 20;9(10):952. doi: 10.1038/s41419-018-0980-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a The TEM assays revealed the autophagic levels in human normal tissues (n = 4) and CP tissues (n = 4), also in human quiescent and activated PSCs (n = 4). b The H&E and Masson assays were assessed to show the formation of fibrosis and collagen in normal tissues (n = 4) and CP tissues (n = 4) (bars = 50μm). c, d The expressions of α-SMA, Collagen I, Collagen III, LC3B, RB1CC1, ULK1, Beclin1, and LAMP-2 were analyzed via immunohistochemistry in normal tissues (n = 4) and CP tissues (n = 4) (bars = 50 μm, original magnification, ×10; bars = 20 μm, original magnification, ×40). The relative expressions of each indicator were analyzed in five high-power fields. e The expressions of α-SMA, Collagen I, Collagen III, LC3B, RB1CC1, ULK1, Beclin1, and LAMP-2 were determined via qRT-PCR assays. The relative expression represents the ratio of target to GAPDH. f The relative mRNA level of RB1CC1 was increased in CP tissues (n = 13) compared with normal tissues (n = 15). g The RB1CC1 mRNA was significantly elevated in plasma of CP patients (n = 11) than that in health individuals (n = 7). Data are expressed as mean ± SD. The results are representative of three independent experiments (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001)