Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Prevalent Dialysis.
| Total (n = 2,299) | Distribution of SBP (mmHg) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <110 (n = 158) | 110–119 (N = 202) | 120–129 (N = 370) | 130–139 (n = 492) | 140–149 (n = 423) | 150–159 (n = 296) | 160–169 (n = 176) | ≥170 (n = 182) | P | ||
| Age (years) | 62.3 ± 13.0 | 61.9 ± 13.2 | 62.8 ± 13.3 | 61.6 ± 13.2 | 61.9 ± 12.8 | 63.0 ± 13.1 | 62.3 ± 12.9 | 62.8 ± 12.8 | 62.0 ± 13.0 | 0.91 |
| Male (%) | 1,306 (56.8) | 75 (47.5) | 105 (52.0) | 204 (55.1) | 288 (58.5) | 254 (60.0) | 173 (58.4) | 104 (59.1) | 103 (56.6) | 0.37 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 3.3 | 22.2 ± 3.1 | 22.8 ± 3.4 | 22.7 ± 3.3 | 23.1 ± 3.4 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | 22.6 ± 33.4 | 22.8 ± 3.4 | 22.4 ± 3.2 | 0.07 |
| Hemodialysis (%) | 1,375 (59.9) | 67 (42.4) | 102 (50.7) | 203 (54.9) | 274 (56.0) | 268 (63.4) | 205 (69.5) | 129 (73.3) | 127 (69.8) | <0.001 |
| Dialysis vintage (years) | 8.7 ± 4.5 | 9.6 ± 5.2 | 8.2 ± 4.3 | 8.9 ± 4.8 | 8.6 ± 4.5 | 8.5 ± 4.5 | 9.0 ± 4.5 | 8.6 ± 4.4 | 8.7 ± 3.7 | 0.12 |
| Kt/V | ||||||||||
| Hemodialysis | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.54 |
| Peritoneal Dialysis | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.05 |
| Number of AHAs | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Classes of AHAs | ||||||||||
| ACEi/ARBs | 1,271 (55.3) | 65 (41.1) | 106 (52.5) | 189 (51.1) | 258 (52.4) | 237 (56.0) | 179 (60.5) | 115 (65.3) | 122 (67.0) | <0.001 |
| CCBs | 1,167 (50.8) | 45 (28.5) | 81 (40.1) | 164 (44.3) | 247 (50.2) | 231 (54.6) | 177 (59.8) | 113 (64.2) | 109 (59.9) | <0.001 |
| BBs | 1,085 (47.2) | 45 (28.5) | 76 (37.6) | 159 (43.0) | 220 (44.7) | 207 (48.9) | 162 (54.7) | 102 (58.0) | 114 (62.6) | <0.001 |
| alpha-blockers | 246 (10.7) | 6 (3.8) | 12 (5.9) | 40 (10.8) | 55 (11.2) | 53 (12.5) | 39 (13.2) | 18 (10.2) | 23 (12.6) | 0.02 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||
| DM (%) | 730 (31.8) | 48 (30.4) | 49 (24.3) | 94 (25.4) | 150 (30.5) | 152 (35.9) | 87 (29.4) | 73 (41.5) | 77 (42.3) | 0.001 |
| CVD (%) | 336 (14.6) | 32 (20.3) | 29 914.4) | 60 (16.2) | 70 (14.2) | 54 (12.8) | 40 (13.5) | 29 (16.5) | 22 (12.1) | 0.36 |
| Stroke (%) | 30 (1.3) | 4 (2.5) | 2 (1.0) | 3 (0.8) | 10 (2.0) | 5 (1.2) | 2 (0.7) | 3 (1.7) | 1 (0.5) | 0.46 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.7 ± 3.9 | 10.8 ± 1.6 | 10.6 ± 1.2 | 10.8 ± 1.3 | 10.6 ± 1.3 | 11.0 ± 5.6 | 11.0 ± 5.8 | 10.3 ± 1.2 | 10.7 ± 7.1 | 0.58 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 33.9 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 2.7 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 1.9 | 3.9 ± 1.7 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 0.81 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 162.4 ± 39.6 | 162.2 ± 39.8 | 166.7 ± 39.6 | 165.5 ± 40.1 | 166.3 ± 41.7 | 161.3 ± 38.6 | 159.0 ± 38.3 | 154.7 ± 35.7 | 156.9 ± 38.5 | 0.003 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 92.0 ± 32.8 | 91.6 ± 29.5 | 96.5 ± 35.8 | 93.1 ± 32.0 | 96.0 ± 35.8 | 92.5 ± 33.2 | 87.4 ± 31.6 | 84.5 ± 27.9 | 90.1 ± 29.9 | 0.003 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.5 ± 1.7 | 6.3 ± 1.6 | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 6.2 ± 1.4 | 6.4 ± 2.0 | 6.6 ± 1.7 | 6.6 ± 1.9 | 6.6 ± 1.6 | 6.6 ± 1.8 | 0.19 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 137.7 ± 6.0 | 137.6 ± 4.1 | 137.2 ± 10.2 | 138.3 ± 3.2 | 138.1 ± 3.5 | 137.7 ± 3.8 | 137.3 ± 8.6 | 136.8 ± 3.8 | 137.0 ± 10.2 | 0.03 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 23.7 ± 8.6 | 24.2 ± 3.8 | 24.8 ± 11.2 | 24.1 ± 15.4 | 24.1 ± 4.0 | 23.4 ± 5.6 | 23.5 ± 9.5 | 22.0 ± 3.5 | 23.1 ± 4.4 | 0.28 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL)a | 203.2 [101.0–382.3] | 224.7 [79.7–405.3] | 205.2 [109.6–367.7] | 199.8 [94.0–373.0] | 192.9 [96.5–391.7] | 200.6 [98.8–372.1] | 179.3 [101.8–332.2] | 213.6 [115.0–370.3] | 246.6 [129.1–429.5] | 0.38 |
| hs-CRP a(mg/dL) | 0.13 [0.02–0.55] | 0.14 [0.04–0.51] | 0.11 [0.01–0.59] | 0.12 [0.02–0.39] | 0.13 [0.02–0.68] | 0.12 [0.02–0.52] | 0.17 [0.01–0.58] | 0.17 [0.04–0.72] | 0.12 [0.01–0.61] | 0.66 |
Note: aKruskal-Wallis test.
Abbreviations: AHA, antihypertensive agent; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; BB, beta-blocker; DM, diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.