Table 2. Baseline characteristics according to development of AKI.
| Characteristic | AKI | No AKI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 82 | 386 | |
| Sex (male/female) | 54/28 | 252/134 | 0.105 |
| Age, yr | 66.3±13.9 | 69.1±13.8 | 0.105 |
| Age >80 yr | 14 (17.1) | 98 (23.8) | 0.185 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.4±4.2 | 21.1±3.7 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| DM | 36 (43.9) | 119 (30.8) | 0.028 |
| HTN | 38 (46.3) | 154 (39.9) | 0.323 |
| CVD | 7 (8.5) | 50 (13.0) | 0.352 |
| LC | 17 (20.7) | 28 (7.3) | 0.001 |
| CKD | 8 (7.8) | 42 (14.7) | 0.011 |
| Malignancy | 13 (15.9) | 46 (11.9) | 0.359 |
| Heart failure | 6 (7.3) | 17 (4.4) | 0.264 |
| Alcoholism | 21(25.6) | 49 (12.7) | 0.006 |
| Reason for admission | |||
| Septic shock | 43 (53.8) | 119 (31.2) | <0.001 |
| Lower respiratory tract infection | 17 (20.7) | 67 (17.4) | |
| Gastrointestinal tract infection | 7 (8.5) | 3 (3.7) | |
| Urinary tract infection | 3 (3.7) | 5 (3.7) | |
| Hepatobiliary tract infection | 2 (2.4) | 3 (3.7) | |
| Intra-abdominal infection | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Wound infection | 0 (0) | 2 (0.5) | |
| Mediastinal infection | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | |
| Unknown | 12 (14.6) | 38 (9.8) | |
| ARDS | 20 (24.4) | 53 (13.7) | 0.019 |
| Pulmonary cause | 15 (18.3) | 45 (11.7) | |
| Extrapulmonary cause | 5 (6.1) | 8 (2.1) | |
| RIFLE criteria | |||
| Injury | 63 (76.8) | ||
| Failure | 19 (23.2) | ||
| APACHE II score | 23.5±8.6 | 17.8±8.6 | <0.001 |
| SOFA score | 10.5±4.4 | 7.3±4.2 | <0.001 |
| Extubation failure | 33 (40.2) | 82 (21.2) | 0.001 |
| Transfusion requirement | 58 (70.7) | 121 (31.3) | 0.000 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 40 (48.8) | 73 (18.9) | 0.000 |
| ECMO | 5 (6.1) | 3 (0.8) | 0.003 |
| Use of systemic steroid before ICU admission | 14 (17.1) | 73 (18.9) | 0.750 |
| MV duration, day | 6.9±7.0 | 10.2±18.4 | 0.009 |
| ICU LOS, day | 7.7±8.5 | 10.5±19.5 | 0.040 |
| Hospital LOS, day | 19.5±22.0 | 27.1±38.0 | 0.082 |
| ICU death | 61 (74.4) | 119 (30.8) | 0.000 |
| Hospital death | 61 (74.4) | 148 (38.3) | 0.000 |
BMI: body mass index; AKI: acute kidney injury; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; CVD: cardiovascular disease; LC: liver cirrhosis; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; RIFLE: Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU: intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilation; LOS: length of stay.