Table 3.

Recommendations for bone mineral density measurement.

BMD should be measured in postmenopausal women, particularly those over 60 years, or males over 65 years in the presence of one or more of the following risk factors, or with a FRACTURE index of 4 without a BMD measurement: - History of early estrogen deficiency Premature menopause (<45 years) Prolonged secondary amenorrhea (>1 year) - Primary or secondary hypogonadism in males - Corticosteroid therapy (>5 mg/day for 3 months or more) - Maternal history of hip fracture - Low body mass index (<19 kg/m2) or weight less than 57 kilograms - Current smoker - Weakness of lower extremities and tendency to fall

BMD should be measured in the presence of disorders associated with osteoporosis, when a BMD assessment is helpful in the management decision of the disease or in the treatment of suspected osteoporosis: - Anorexia nervosa - Malabsorption syndrome - Primary hyperparathyroidism - Post-transplantation - Chronic renal failure - Hyperthyroidism - Prolonged immobilization - Cushing’s syndrome - Chronic anticonvulsant therapy - Chronic heparin therapy

BMD should be measured when there is radiographic evidence of osteopenia and/or vertebral deformity, loss of height, or thoracic kyphosis.

BMD should be measured in the presence of fragility fracture, particularly of the hip, spine or wrist, especially after age 40 years.

BMD can be measured in monitoring treatment