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. 2018 Aug 1;31(4):e00023-18. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00023-18

TABLE 1.

Targets of different mechanisms associated with bacterial persistencea

Environment and pathogen Target(s)
Stress response ROS response Energy metabolism Efflux pump SOS response Quorum sensing (QS) (p)ppGpp signaling Toxin-antitoxin (TA) system
Gastrointestinal tract
    E. coli RpoS (21, 22) Superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase (50) Cytochrome bd oxidases (95, 98), cytochrome c peroxidases (101), TauD protein (132, 133) AcrAB (147, 152) RecA/RecBCD (178, 179), TisB toxin (180) SdiA/LuxS (AI-2/AI-3 autoinducers/indole) (221), OxyR/phage shock (222, 223) RSH proteins (309), PCMb (310, 311) HipBA (363365), TisB-IstR (179), HokB-SokB (181, 359), YafQ/DinJ (224), MazEF (366), MqsRA (357, 367)
    Salmonella spp. RpoS (23) SoxRS, OxyR, σS and σE factors, SlyA protein, dps gene (51) Cytochrome bd oxidases (98) AcrAB (11, 154), AcrD (57), MdtD (88), MacAB (154) RecA (176) Unknown synthase/SdiA (3OC8HSL signal) (230); LuxS, LsrB (AI-2 signal) (231); QseB, QseC (AI-3 signal) (232); T3SS/T6SS (234) RSH proteins (313), opgGH operon/stress-dependent genes/DksA/FtsZ interference (314319, 322) Putative class II TA systems/TacT (370)
    Vibrio spp. RpoS (25) Catalases (KatB-KatG)/PhoB-PhoR system (53), OxyR (54), cholix (55) Oxygen/reductases (102105), taurine (136139) EmrD-3 (156) RecA (185) LuxS, LuxP (AI-2 signal)/CqsA, CqsS (CAI-1 signal)/AlsR/AphA (235238); T3SS/T6SS (241245) RSH proteins (323), cholera toxin (CT)/toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP)/acetoin (324327) Phd-Doc/RelBE/HigBA/ParDE (371)
    Klebsiella spp. RpoS/SoxRS (26) CPS (58) AcrAB/OqxAB (158) RecA/Viz/GrapE/ClpX/Dead proteins (186) LuxS (AI-2 signal) (246, 247), T6SS (249) RSH proteins (329), SoxRS/YjcC (330) Hok-Sok/PemK-PemI/CcdA-CccB/RelBE (372, 373)
    Helicobacter spp. Fur/HspR (31) Catalase/SOD/arginase (62, 63) Cytochrome bd oxidases (109111), taurine (140) Two efflux pumps (159) RecA/AddAb (187, 188) LuxS (AI-2 signal) (250252) RSH proteins (332, 333) AapA1-IsoA1/RelE family (HP0894-HP0895)/Vap family (HP0967-HP0968) (374376)
    C. jejuni KatA-SodB/AhpC-Tpx/Bcp (64) Cytochrome bd oxidases (112) CmeABC (151, 160) RecA (189) LuxS (AI-2 signal) (160), T6SS (151, 261) RSH proteins/PPX/GPPA/PolP (335, 336) CjrA-CjpT/VirA-VirT (374, 377)
    Enterococcus spp. Gsp65 (ohr gene) (32), Gsp62 (33), Gls24 (3436) Cytochrome bd oxidases (113), Clp ATP protease (114) MefA/TetK/TetL/MsrC (161) RecA/UmuDC (190) fsrA/fsrC/gelE/GTF genes (262) RSH proteins (338) Fst toxin (pAD1) (378382), ω-ε-ζ (pw9-2)/Axe-Txe modules (pRUM) (383386), MazEF/MazEG/HigBA (387)
    Shigella spp. Toxin (65) Cytochrome bd oxidases/CydC (115, 116) AcrAB (162), MdtJI (163) RecA/topoisomerases/histones (191) AI-2 (signal) (263), T3SS/T6SS (264266) RSH proteins/DksA (343) YeeUT/VapBC/GmvAT/CcdAB (388392)
    Yersinia spp. New SODs (66), yersiniabactin (67) RosA/RosB (164) RecA/histone-like proteins (192) LuxI/LuxR-like proteins (267) CcdAB (393)
    C. difficile HSP proteins (GroESL/DnaKJ) (40) Catalase/SOD (68), TcdA-TcdB/glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) (69) CdeA (165) RecA/LexA (193, 194) LuxS/SpoOA (271, 272) MazEF (68), COG2856-Xre/Fic (394)
Respiratory tract
    S. aureus σB factor (42) Catalase/SOD (70), aconitase/succinate dehydrogenase-TCA cycle enzymes (71) Cytochrome bd oxidases (117), CymR (taurine) (118, 142) Qac efflux (166) RecA/LexA, RexAB/PolV (195, 196) SarA/Agr (AI-2 signal) (273276), LuxS/IcaR (275) RSH proteins, rsh genes (344346), CodY24 (347), GTPases (345) MazEF/RelBE (395, 396), TisB-GhoT toxins (346)
    P. aeruginosa RpoS/pls locus (41) Catalase/SOD/POX (74), mucoid phenotype (75, 76) cbb3-type enzyme (118), GacAS system (123, 124) MexAB (167, 168, 172) RecA/LexA/PrtR/PA0906 (198, 201, 203), UmuDpR (205) Las/Rhl QS systems (AI-2/PQS, AIP/AHL/DSF signals) (277, 278, 283), T6SS (RsmA/AmrZ) (286288) RSH proteins (348) HigBA (398)
    A. baumannii SOD (79), catalases (KatA/KatE/KatG/KatX) (80) Cytochrome bd oxidases (128), tauRXYPI operon (143) AdeABC, AdeFGH (170173) RecA/LexA, UmuC (207209) AbaR/AbaI/AidA (N-[3-OH-C12] signal) (289291, 294), T6SS system (173) RSH proteins (349) RelBE/HigBA/CheTA/AbkAB (SpltA) (349, 399401)
    B. cepacia RpoN/RpoE (fixLJ) (4345) SOD/catalase, glyoxylate (TCA cycle) (83) tauABC operon (145) BCAM0925 to -0927, BCAM1945 to -1947, BCAL1672 to -1676 (RND efflux) (174) CepIR/CciIR/CepR2/RpfF (BapA and BapR) (296298) RSH proteins/DSF signals (351) FixLJ (45)
    M. tuberculosis Catalase (KatG) (84) pst operon (129131) ImuA-ImuB/DnaE2 (212), ClpR-like protein (215) WhiB3 regulator protein (302) RSH proteins/CarD protein (352, 353) VapBC/MazEF/YefM/YoeB/RelBE/HigBA/ParDE (193, 403415, 480)
a

Numbers in parentheses are reference numbers.

b

Isoaspartyl protein carboxyl methyltransferase.