TABLE 1.
Targets of different mechanisms associated with bacterial persistencea
| Environment and pathogen | Target(s) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stress response | ROS response | Energy metabolism | Efflux pump | SOS response | Quorum sensing (QS) | (p)ppGpp signaling | Toxin-antitoxin (TA) system | |
| Gastrointestinal tract | ||||||||
| E. coli | RpoS (21, 22) | Superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase (50) | Cytochrome bd oxidases (95, 98), cytochrome c peroxidases (101), TauD protein (132, 133) | AcrAB (147, 152) | RecA/RecBCD (178, 179), TisB toxin (180) | SdiA/LuxS (AI-2/AI-3 autoinducers/indole) (221), OxyR/phage shock (222, 223) | RSH proteins (309), PCMb (310, 311) | HipBA (363–365), TisB-IstR (179), HokB-SokB (181, 359), YafQ/DinJ (224), MazEF (366), MqsRA (357, 367) |
| Salmonella spp. | RpoS (23) | SoxRS, OxyR, σS and σE factors, SlyA protein, dps gene (51) | Cytochrome bd oxidases (98) | AcrAB (11, 154), AcrD (57), MdtD (88), MacAB (154) | RecA (176) | Unknown synthase/SdiA (3OC8HSL signal) (230); LuxS, LsrB (AI-2 signal) (231); QseB, QseC (AI-3 signal) (232); T3SS/T6SS (234) | RSH proteins (313), opgGH operon/stress-dependent genes/DksA/FtsZ interference (314–319, 322) | Putative class II TA systems/TacT (370) |
| Vibrio spp. | RpoS (25) | Catalases (KatB-KatG)/PhoB-PhoR system (53), OxyR (54), cholix (55) | Oxygen/reductases (102–105), taurine (136–139) | EmrD-3 (156) | RecA (185) | LuxS, LuxP (AI-2 signal)/CqsA, CqsS (CAI-1 signal)/AlsR/AphA (235–238); T3SS/T6SS (241–245) | RSH proteins (323), cholera toxin (CT)/toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP)/acetoin (324–327) | Phd-Doc/RelBE/HigBA/ParDE (371) |
| Klebsiella spp. | RpoS/SoxRS (26) | CPS (58) | AcrAB/OqxAB (158) | RecA/Viz/GrapE/ClpX/Dead proteins (186) | LuxS (AI-2 signal) (246, 247), T6SS (249) | RSH proteins (329), SoxRS/YjcC (330) | Hok-Sok/PemK-PemI/CcdA-CccB/RelBE (372, 373) | |
| Helicobacter spp. | Fur/HspR (31) | Catalase/SOD/arginase (62, 63) | Cytochrome bd oxidases (109–111), taurine (140) | Two efflux pumps (159) | RecA/AddAb (187, 188) | LuxS (AI-2 signal) (250–252) | RSH proteins (332, 333) | AapA1-IsoA1/RelE family (HP0894-HP0895)/Vap family (HP0967-HP0968) (374–376) |
| C. jejuni | KatA-SodB/AhpC-Tpx/Bcp (64) | Cytochrome bd oxidases (112) | CmeABC (151, 160) | RecA (189) | LuxS (AI-2 signal) (160), T6SS (151, 261) | RSH proteins/PPX/GPPA/PolP (335, 336) | CjrA-CjpT/VirA-VirT (374, 377) | |
| Enterococcus spp. | Gsp65 (ohr gene) (32), Gsp62 (33), Gls24 (34–36) | Cytochrome bd oxidases (113), Clp ATP protease (114) | MefA/TetK/TetL/MsrC (161) | RecA/UmuDC (190) | fsrA/fsrC/gelE/GTF genes (262) | RSH proteins (338) | Fst toxin (pAD1) (378–382), ω-ε-ζ (pw9-2)/Axe-Txe modules (pRUM) (383–386), MazEF/MazEG/HigBA (387) | |
| Shigella spp. | Toxin (65) | Cytochrome bd oxidases/CydC (115, 116) | AcrAB (162), MdtJI (163) | RecA/topoisomerases/histones (191) | AI-2 (signal) (263), T3SS/T6SS (264–266) | RSH proteins/DksA (343) | YeeUT/VapBC/GmvAT/CcdAB (388–392) | |
| Yersinia spp. | New SODs (66), yersiniabactin (67) | RosA/RosB (164) | RecA/histone-like proteins (192) | LuxI/LuxR-like proteins (267) | CcdAB (393) | |||
| C. difficile | HSP proteins (GroESL/DnaKJ) (40) | Catalase/SOD (68), TcdA-TcdB/glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) (69) | CdeA (165) | RecA/LexA (193, 194) | LuxS/SpoOA (271, 272) | MazEF (68), COG2856-Xre/Fic (394) | ||
| Respiratory tract | ||||||||
| S. aureus | σB factor (42) | Catalase/SOD (70), aconitase/succinate dehydrogenase-TCA cycle enzymes (71) | Cytochrome bd oxidases (117), CymR (taurine) (118, 142) | Qac efflux (166) | RecA/LexA, RexAB/PolV (195, 196) | SarA/Agr (AI-2 signal) (273–276), LuxS/IcaR (275) | RSH proteins, rsh genes (344–346), CodY24 (347), GTPases (345) | MazEF/RelBE (395, 396), TisB-GhoT toxins (346) |
| P. aeruginosa | RpoS/pls locus (41) | Catalase/SOD/POX (74), mucoid phenotype (75, 76) | cbb3-type enzyme (118), GacAS system (123, 124) | MexAB (167, 168, 172) | RecA/LexA/PrtR/PA0906 (198, 201, 203), UmuDpR (205) | Las/Rhl QS systems (AI-2/PQS, AIP/AHL/DSF signals) (277, 278, 283), T6SS (RsmA/AmrZ) (286–288) | RSH proteins (348) | HigBA (398) |
| A. baumannii | SOD (79), catalases (KatA/KatE/KatG/KatX) (80) | Cytochrome bd oxidases (128), tauRXYPI operon (143) | AdeABC, AdeFGH (170–173) | RecA/LexA, UmuC (207–209) | AbaR/AbaI/AidA (N-[3-OH-C12] signal) (289–291, 294), T6SS system (173) | RSH proteins (349) | RelBE/HigBA/CheTA/AbkAB (SpltA) (349, 399–401) | |
| B. cepacia | RpoN/RpoE (fixLJ) (43–45) | SOD/catalase, glyoxylate (TCA cycle) (83) | tauABC operon (145) | BCAM0925 to -0927, BCAM1945 to -1947, BCAL1672 to -1676 (RND efflux) (174) | CepIR/CciIR/CepR2/RpfF (BapA and BapR) (296–298) | RSH proteins/DSF signals (351) | FixLJ (45) | |
| M. tuberculosis | Catalase (KatG) (84) | pst operon (129–131) | ImuA-ImuB/DnaE2 (212), ClpR-like protein (215) | WhiB3 regulator protein (302) | RSH proteins/CarD protein (352, 353) | VapBC/MazEF/YefM/YoeB/RelBE/HigBA/ParDE (193, 403–415, 480) | ||
a
Numbers in parentheses are reference numbers.
b
Isoaspartyl protein carboxyl methyltransferase.