FIG 8.

Presentation of key antigenic molecules from invading entomophthoralean hyphae, based on the development of key Th2 cytokines and the typical eosinophilic reactions hypothetically triggered by entomophthoralean fungi during infection. The pathogen-associated molecular pattern (probably related to β-1,3-glucan, mannan, chitin, and others) could stimulate Toll-like cell receptors through signaling via Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT). These molecules signal the nucleus to activate a cascade of events leading to the production of Th2-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), locking the host's immune system in a Th2 mode.