Table 1.
Patient demographics, healthcare related, procedure related and comorbidity related variables (Chi-square and t-test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively) by liposomal bupivacaine use in the peripheral nerve block cohort.
| Use of liposomal bupivacaine | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=18,817) | No (n=70,013) | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | P-value | |
| PATIENT DEMOGRAPHICS | |||
| Age(years) (median (IQR)) | 67 (60–73) | 67 (60–73) | 0.0032 |
| Sex | 0.8101 | ||
| Female | 11,588 (61.6) | 43,183 (61.7) | |
| Male | 7,229 (38.4) | 26,830 (38.3) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||
| White | 15,537 (82.6) | 55,839 (79.8) | |
| Black | 2,184 (11.6) | 5,478 (7.8) | |
| Other | 1,096 (5.8) | 8,696 (12.4) | |
| COMORBIDITY RELATED | |||
| Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index (categorized) | <0.0001 | ||
| 0 | 13,843 (73.6) | 50,207 (71.7) | |
| 1 | 3,540 (18.8) | 13,853 (19.8) | |
| 2 | 988 (5.3) | 3,900 (5.6) | |
| 2+ | 446 (2.4) | 2,053 (2.9) | |
| Substance Use/Abuse | 1,362 (7.2) | 5,413 (7.7) | 0.0236 |
| Pain Conditions | 3,191 (17.0) | 12,698 (18.1) | 0.0002 |
| Psychiatric Conditions | 3,762 (20.0) | 15,498 (22.1) | <0.0001 |
| PROCEDURE RELATED | |||
| Year of Procedure | <0.0001 | ||
| 2013 | 1,300 (6.9) | 16,946 (24.2) | |
| 2014 | 4,620 (24.6) | 16,799 (24.0) | |
| 2015 | 6,629 (35.2) | 18,011 (25.7) | |
| 2016 | 6,268 (33.3) | 18,257 (26.1) | |
| General Anesthesia Use | 10,260 (54.5) | 33,021 (47.2) | <0.0001 |
| Neuraxial Anesthesia Use | 1,773 (9.4) | 16,140 (23.1) | <0.0001 |
| NSAIDs Use | 10,748 (57.1) | 39,573 (56.5) | 0.1429 |
| Cox-2 inhibitors Use | 11,095 (59.0) | 32,771 (46.8) | <0.0001 |
| Ketamine Use | 1,127 (6.0) | 5,640 (8.1) | <0.0001 |
| Gabapentinoids Use | 9,011 (47.9) | 22,213 (31.7) | <0.0001 |
| IV Acetaminophen Use | 7,514 (39.9) | 19,163 (27.4) | <0.0001 |
| Patient Controlled Analgesia Use | 237 (1.3) | 6,019 (8.6) | <0.0001 |
| HEALTHCARE RELATED | |||
| Insurance Type | <0.0001 | ||
| Commercial | 6,652 (35.4) | 24,553 (35.1) | |
| Medicaid | 343 (1.8) | 2,319 (3.3) | |
| Medicare | 11,238 (59.7) | 40,704 (58.1) | |
| Uninsured | 33 (0.2) | 163 (0.2) | |
| Unknown | 551 (2.9) | 2,274 (3.2) | |
| Hospital Location | <0.0001 | ||
| Rural | 726 (3.9) | 8,385 (12.0) | |
| Urban | 18,091 (96.1) | 61,628 (88.0) | |
| Hospital Size | <0.0001 | ||
| <300 beds | 8,885 (47.2) | 28,281 (40.4) | |
| 300–499 beds | 6,880 (36.6) | 18,796 (26.8) | |
| ≥500 beds | 3,052 (16.2) | 22,936 (32.8) | |
| Hospital Teaching Status | <0.0001 | ||
| Non-Teaching | 12,572 (66.8) | 37,720 (53.9) | |
| Teaching | 6,245 (33.2) | 32,293 (46.1) | |
| Annual Total Knee Arthroplasties per Hospital (median (IQR)) | 515 (331–770) | 503 (276–774) | <0.0001 |
IQR: Interquartile range
NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Cox-2: Cyclooxygenase-2