Table 2.
Univariable (Chi-square and t-test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively) and multivariable results by liposomal bupivacaine use in the peripheral nerve block cohort.
| Univariable results | Multivariable results | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use of liposomal bupivacaine | Use of liposomal bupivacaine | ||||
| Yes (n=18,817) | No (n=70,013) | Yes (Reference=No) | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | |
| OPIOID-RELATED COMPLICATIONS | |||||
| Respiratory Complications | 199 (1.1) | 1,205 (1.7) | <0.0001 | 1.08 (0.78; 1.50) | >0.999 |
| Genitourinary Complications | 286 (1.5) | 1,233 (1.8) | 0.0235 | 1.01 (0.75; 1.35) | >0.999 |
| Central Nervous System Complications | 117 (0.6) | 491 (0.7) | 0.2402 | 1.09 (0.73; 1.63) | >0.999 |
| Gastrointestinal Complications | 289 (1.5) | 1,671 (2.4) | <0.0001 | 0.97 (0.74; 1.29) | >0.999 |
| “Other” Complications | 137 (0.7) | 897 (1.3) | <0.0001 | 0.83 (0.57; 1.21) | >0.999 |
| Naloxone Use | 107 (0.6) | 620 (0.9) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (0.66; 1.54) | >0.999 |
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Percent change (95% CI) | |||
| INPATIENT OPIOID PRESCRIPTION | |||||
| Total Opioids (mg OME) | 190 (120–298) | 272 (173–413) | <0.0001 | −9.3% (−11.1%; −7.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Day 0 Opioids (mg OME) | 98 (60–150) | 126 (75–203) | <0.0001 | −7.6% (−9.6%; −5.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Day 1 Opioids (mg OME) | 50 (24–87) | 60 (30–102) | <0.0001 | −7.4% (−10.0%; −4.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Day 1+ Opioids (mg OME) | 30 (0–65) | 55 (23–105) | <0.0001 | −7.6% (−10.8%; −4.3%) | <0.0001 |
| RESOURCE UTILIZATION | |||||
| Cost of Hospitalization (US dollars) | 15,013 (13,113–18,088) | 15,810 (13,503–19,022) | <0.0001 | 2.2% (−0.1%; 4.6%) | 0.0900 |
| Length of Stay (days) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | <0.0001 | −8.8% (−10.1%; −7.5%) | <0.0001 |
Multivariable models adjusted for: age, volume of annual total knee arthroplasties per hospital, hospital size, Charlson-Deyo Index, sex, race, year, insurance, teaching status, hospital area, general anesthesia use, neuraxial anesthesia use, liposomal bupivacaine, NSAIDs, Cox-2 inhibitors, ketamine, gabapentinoids, patient-controlled analgesia, IV acetaminophen, and the comorbidities for substance use/abuse, pain conditions, and psychiatric conditions.
OME: Oral morphine equivalents
IQR: Interquartile range
CI: Confidence interval
NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Cox-2: Cyclooxygenase-2
“Other” complications include postoperative bradycardia, rash or itching, drugs causing adverse effects with therapeutic use, and fall from bed