Table 3.
Patient demographics, healthcare related, procedure related and comorbidity related variables (Chi-square and t-test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively) by liposomal bupivacaine use for the sensitivity analysis in hospitals with >50% liposomal bupivacaine use.
| Use of liposomal bupivacaine | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=11,606) | No (n=4,428) | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | P-value | |
| PATIENT DEMOGRAPHICS | |||
| Age(years) (median (IQR)) | 67 (61–73) | 66 (59–73) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | 0.9364 | ||
| Female | 7,187 (61.9) | 2,739 (61.9) | |
| Male | 4,419 (38.1) | 1,689 (38.1) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.0008 | ||
| White | 9,691 (83.5) | 3,586 (81.0) | |
| Black | 1,381 (11.9) | 603 (13.6) | |
| Other | 534 (4.6) | 239 (5.4) | |
| COMORBIDITY RELATED | |||
| Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index (categorized) | 0.0002 | ||
| 0 | 8,608 (74.2) | 3,150 (71.1) | |
| 1 | 2,193 (18.9) | 915 (20.7) | |
| 2 | 560 (4.8) | 232 (5.2) | |
| 2+ | 245 (2.1) | 131 (3.0) | |
| Substance Use/Abuse | 825 (7.1) | 393 (8.9) | 0.0002 |
| Pain Conditions | 1,937 (16.7) | 696 (15.7) | 0.1377 |
| Psychiatric Conditions | 2,364 (20.4) | 926 (20.9) | 0.4460 |
| PROCEDURE RELATED | |||
| Year of Procedure | <0.0001 | ||
| 2013 | 1,107 (9.5) | 1,754 (39.6) | |
| 2014 | 3,004 (25.9) | 890 (20.1) | |
| 2015 | 3,988 (34.4) | 758 (17.1) | |
| 2016 | 3,507 (30.2) | 1,026 (23.2) | |
| General Anesthesia Use | 7,612 (65.6) | 2,812 (63.5) | 0.0135 |
| Neuraxial Anesthesia Use | 1,247 (10.7) | 507 (11.5) | 0.2007 |
| NSAIDs Use | 6,897 (59.4) | 2,426 (54.8) | <0.0001 |
| Cox-2 Inhibitors Use | 7,195 (62.0) | 1,985 (44.8) | <0.0001 |
| Ketamine Use | 648 (5.6) | 252 (5.7) | 0.7910 |
| Gabapentinoids Use | 6,304 (54.3) | 1,949 (44.0) | <0.0001 |
| IV Acetaminophen Use | 5,729 (49.4) | 1,511 (34.1) | <0.0001 |
| Patient Controlled Analgesia Use | 137 (1.2) | 141 (3.2) | <0.0001 |
| HEALTHCARE RELATED | |||
| Insurance Type | 0.0036 | ||
| Commercial | 3,998 (34.4) | 1,600 (36.1) | |
| Medicaid | 213 (1.8) | 116 (2.6) | |
| Medicare | 7,056 (60.8) | 2,593 (58.6) | |
| Uninsured | 17 (0.1) | 7 (0.2) | |
| Unknown | 322 (2.8) | 112 (2.5) | |
| Hospital Location | 0.3114 | ||
| Rural | 344 (3.0) | 118 (2.7) | |
| Urban | 11,262 (97.0) | 4,310 (97.3) | |
| Hospital Size | <0.0001 | ||
| <300 beds | 6,024 (51.9) | 2,721 (61.5) | |
| 300–499 beds | 5,514 (47.5) | 1,687 (38.1) | |
| ≥500 beds | 68 (0.6) | 20 (0.5) | |
| Hospital Teaching Status | <0.0001 | ||
| Non-Teaching | 8,038 (69.3) | 3,353 (75.7) | |
| Teaching | 3,568 (30.7) | 1,075 (24.3) | |
| Annual Total Knee Arthroplasties per Hospital (median (IQR)) | 485 (331–770) | 435 (331–770) | 0.1328 |
IQR: Interquartile range
NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Cox-2: Cyclooxygenase-2