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. 2018 Sep 21;24(35):3980–3999. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i35.3980

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©The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Risk factors for pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma. ¹Conditions cause HCC in adults, and very rarely in children; ²HBV related HCC may occur in presence or absence of cirrhosis. BCS: Budd-Chiari syndrome; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HVOTO: Hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction; IVC: Inferior vena cava; NRH: Nodular regenerative hyperplasia; BSEP: Bile salt export pump; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MDR3: Multidrug resistance protein-3; NTBC: [2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (Nitisinone); PiZZ: Homozygous PiZ phenotype of alpha-1 antitrypsin; PV: Portal vein, TJP: Tight junction protein.