Table 1.
In vitro and in vivo studies of HA extract from fish for bone tissue engineering applications in chronological order
|
Biomaterial source
(HA and composites) |
Experimental model | Analysis | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HA crystals isolated from the saltwater fish, tuna (Thunnus obesus), bone | Human osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63) treated with different concentrations of micro and nanocrystals of HA at the cell culture medium. | Morphology (microscopy)Cytotoxicity, and cell proliferation (MTT) | Limited and lesser cell growth on treated HA groups. Slower cell proliferation rate on HA treated (versus control). Micro and nanoparticles had similar cytotoxicity. |
|
| HA from sword fish (Xiphias gladius) and tuna (Thunnus thynnus) | Mouse calvaria MC3T3-E1 cells. | SEM, FTIR, TEM. Cell viability |
HA with crystalline phase. Higher cell viability |
|
| HA from fish (Labeo rohita) scale | RAW macrophage- like cell line seeded on HA surfaces. HA powder samples of different weights (100, 200, 400 lg) were placed into culture media. Bone defects in Wistar rats |
In vitro: cytotoxicity evaluation and MTT assay, SEM images of attached cells on to the HA surface. In vivo: histological analysis |
In vitro: no cytotoxic effects, cellular attachment and proliferation on HA surface. In vivo: bone formation and cell infiltration and integration in HA fillers. |
|
| Decellularized fish scales (type I collagen and HA) | Myoblastic cell line (C2C12) cultured on the acellular fish scalesA bone pin made of decellularized fish scales used for the internal fixation of femur fractures in New Zealand rabbits. |
In vitro: growth curve (biocompatibility), cell morphology (SEM). In vivo: Periodic X-ray evaluations and histologic examinations postoperatively. |
In vitro: great adhesion and good cell growth. In vivo: improvement of the fracture healing, integration with the adjacent tissue and material degradation with time. |
|
| HA from fish (Carassius auratus) scales | MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell culture | High cytocompatibility, and the ability to guide cell proliferation and migration along the scale ridge channels of the fish scales. | ||
| HA from fresh water fish (Labeo rohita and Catla catla) scales HA synthesized from SBF solution |
MSCs seeded over HA scaffolds. | Cell viability (MTT assay), proliferation study (DNA quantification), and microscopy image | Attachment, growth and proliferation of MSCs over the prepared HA scaffolds. | |
| HA from salmon | MSCs | FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. In vitro: toxicity and mineralization |
Presence of a carbonated group, similar to synthetic HA, with an amorphous feature, sized 6–37 nm. Non-cytotoxicic and higher mineralization |
|
| HA and biphasic material HA/β- TCP from Atlantic cod fish bones | Culture with osteosarcoma Saos-2 cell line | Cytotoxicity, bioactivity, and haemocompatibility assays. | Materials were not cytotoxic, non-haemolytic. They supported cell growth and crystal formation. | |
| HA from fish scale and synthetic HA | Material incubation in SBF and culture with osteoblast like cells. | Bioactivity and biocompatibility assays. MTT and ALP analysis |
More new apatite formed in fish HA after incubation. Higher cell adhesion on the HA fish surface. Cells were able to spread. Significant increases in the proliferation and activity of osteoblasts over fish HA scaffolds. Biomaterials derived from fish scale are biologically better than the chemically synthesized HA. |
|
| Three types of collagen scaffolds(collagen, collagen-chitosan, and collagen-HA | Blue shark | physico-functional and mechanical properties in relation to biocompatibility and osteogenesis | Higher level of ALP induced by collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold. Addition of chitosan and HA improved the stiffness and degradation rate, but lowered the water binding capacity and porosity of the scaffold. |
|
| HA from whitemouth croaker fish | Subcutaneous test | Histopathology Cytotoxicity Genotoxicity in multiple organs |
Good biocompatibility Absence of cyto-and genotoxicity |
ALP: alkaline phosphatase; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; HA: hydroxyl apatite; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; SBF: synthetic body fluid; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TCP: tricalcium phosphate; XRD: X-ray diffraction.