Table.

Therapeutic Interventions in Development to Reduce Persistent Immune Activation

Intervention	Examples
Antiinfective therapy	Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, HCV/HBV
Antiaging	Caloric restriction, sirtuin activators, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, rapamycin, diet, exercise
Enhance T-cell renewal	Growth hormone, interleukin 7
Chemokine receptor inhibitors	Maraviroc, cenicriviroc
Microbial translocation	Sevelamer, colostrum, rifaximin
Antifibrotic drugs or agents	Pirfenidone, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, keratinocyte growth factor
Anticoagulants	Low-dose warfarin, dabigatran, aspirin, clopidogrel
Antiinflammatory drugs	Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine
	Minocycline
	NSAIDs: COX-2i, aspirin
	Statins
	Methotrexate
	Thalidomide, lenalidomide, pentoxyfyline (weak TNF inhibitors)
Biologics	TNF inhibitors, interleukin 6 inhibitors, anti–alpha-interferon antibodies, anti-PD1 antibodies

COX-2i indicates cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug; PD1, programmed death 1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.