Table 3.
Bioactivities of the genus Trillium phytochemicals.
| Source | Compound | Reported Pharmacological Activity |
|---|---|---|
| T. tschonoskii | pennogenin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2) [α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (compound 51) | Cytotoxic, anti-proliferative and morphological effects on lung cancer cell line [52]; cytotoxicity against malignant sarcoma cells [53] |
| 7-β-hydroxy trillenogenin 1-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-l-arabinopyranoside, Trillenoside A (compound 52) | Inhibitory activity against COX-2 in in macrophagocytes of the mouse abdominal cavity stimulated by LPS [21] | |
| T. erectum | (25R)-17α-hydroxyspirost-5-en-3β-yl O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (compound 53) | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. IC50 (μg/mL) = 6.10 ± 0.04 [26] |
| (25R)-17α-hydroxyspirost-5-en-3β-yl O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (compound 9) | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, IC50 (μg/mL) = 3.58 ± 0.18 [26] | |
| (25R)-17α-hydroxyspirost-5-en-3β-yl O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-α-d-glucopyranoside (compound 54) | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, IC50 (μg/mL) = 2.65 ± 0.22 [26] | |
| (25R)-spirost-5-en-3β-yl O-α–l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α–l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (compound 55) | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, IC50 (μg/mL) = 1.68 ± 0.11 [26] | |
| (25R)-26-[(β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-22α-methoxyfurost-5-en-3β-yl O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (methylprotodioscin) (compound 56) | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, IC50 (μg/mL) = 2.89 ± 0.24 [26] | |
| T. govanianum | (1β,3β,23S,24S)-1-[O-β–d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl]-3,23 dihydroxyspirosta-5,25-dienyl-24-[O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→4)-β-d-6-deoxygulopyranoside] (govanoside A) (compound 31) boeassoside E (compound 32) 7, 8, 9-trihydroxy-(10Z)-10-octadecenoic acid (compound 48) | Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, Trichophyton rubrum [19,28] |
| pennogenin (compound 35), borassoside E (compound 32), diosgenin (compound 1) | ROS inhibitory activity [51] | |
| T. kamtschaticum | 21-O-acetyl-trillenogenin-1-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→3)-4′′-acetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranoside (compound 56) | Cytotoxicity against human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116) IC50 (μM) = 4.92 ± 1.00 [34] |
| 24-O-acetyl-epitrillengenin-1-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→3)-α-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-l-arabinopyranoside (compound 57) | Cytotoxicity against human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116) IC50 (μM) = 5.84 ± 1.05 [34] | |
| 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-17(20)-dehydrokryptogenin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranoside (compound 58) | Cytotoxicity against human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116) IC50 (μM = 17.28 ± 2.69 [34] | |
| T. grandiflorum | (3β,25R)-spirost-5-en-3-yl O-6-deoxy-α-l-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[6-deoxy-α-l-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (compound 59) | Antifungal activity against Candida albicans MIC (μg/mL) = 1.56 [40] |