Table 3.
Polymorphism of genes encoding extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes and inflammatory mediators associated with intervertebral disc degeneration.
| Protein (Gene) | Disc degeneration or pain | Increase in pathology, or protective | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP3) | Disc degeneration and Modic changes | Increase | Karppinen et al48 |
| Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP9) | Disc herniation | Increase | Hirose et al40 |
| Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) | Disc degeneration and back pain | Increase | Solovieva et al49, 50 |
| Interleukin-1α (IL-1A) | Disc degeneration and back pain | Increase | Solovieva et al49, 50 |
| Interleukin-1β (IL-1B) | Disc degeneration and back pain | Increase | Solovieva et al49, 50 |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Disc degeneration and radicular pain | Increase | Noponen-Hietala et al51 |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2) | Failure of NSAID analgesia | – | Skarke et al52 |