Table 1.

Descriptive statistics state-level observations, 2004–2013

	N	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Infant mortality rate	500	6.5	1.3	3.8	11.4
Neonatal mortality rate	497	4.3	0.9	1.9	6.7
Postneonatal mortality rate	497	2.3	0.7	1.0	4.7
Proportion of black residents	500	10.6	9.5	0.4	37.4
Proportion of Hispanic residents	500	10.2	9.8	0.9	47.3
Poverty rate	500	13.0	3.4	5.4	25.8
Gini coefficient	500	0.6	0.0	0.5	0.7
Gross domestic product (per capita)	500	50 636	9800	33 281	86 195
State and local direct expenditures (per capita)	500	4897	3556	934	18 104
Average freshman graduation rate	500	77.7	7.6	51.3	93.3
Federal transfers received (per capita)	500	2033	659	919	4932