Table 1.

Use of sleep-promoting and wake-promoting drugs and social drugs by police officers

Drug/class	Categorisation for analysis (n, % valid responses)
Wake-promoting drugs (excl. caffeine and nicotine)	Used in the past month
	Yes (180, 5.4%)
	No (3160, 94.6%)
Sleep-promoting drugs	Used in the past month
	Yes (738, 21.6%)
	No (2674, 78.4%)
Drugs with sleepiness as a side effect	Used in the past month
	Yes (648, 19.5%)
	No (2678, 80.5%)
Alcohol	Risky alcohol use*
	Yes (180, 6.3%)
	No (2709, 93.7%)
Caffeine	Average consumption per day†
	None (366, 10.7%)
	Low (2250, 66.0%)
	High (793, 23.3%)
Nicotine (cigarettes)	Smoking Status
	Smoked to stay awake (149, 4.2% of responses and 27.2% of smokers)
	Smoked but not to stay awake (398, 11.1% of responses and 72.8% of smokers)
	Non-smoker (3028, 84.7% of responses)

*USA limit for consumption: 196 g/week males (14 standard drinks) and 98 g/week females (seven standard drinks). A standard drink contains 14 g of alcohol.

†High >400 mg of caffeine per day (5+ servings/day); low ≤400 mg per day (up to four servings).¹⁹

‡n=98 (2.9%) of police officers reported use of a sleep-promoting/drug with sleepiness as a side effect and a wake-promoting drug in the past month.