Table 1.
In vitro CGs molecular target pathways in cancer cells.
| Compound | Cell Line | Molecular Target and Mechanism of Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| OuaCGsbain (1) | HeLa | - ROCK activation - membrane blebbing - cell death |
[57] |
| A549 and H1975 | - Autophagic cell death via JNK-dependent decrease of Bcl-2 expression | [58] | |
| DAOY | - Inhibition of EGF signaling | [59] | |
| Digoxin (2) | HeLa | - Down-regulation of SRSF3 | [60] |
| Digitoxin (3) | GSC | - Attenuation of hypoxia-induced VEGF expression - Suppression of HIF-1α accumulation |
[61] |
| Lanatoside C (5) | Huh7 and Mahlavu | - Induction of cell death independent of the PTEN status | [62] |
| Oleandrin (7) | U2OS and SaOS-2 | - Suppression of Wnt/β-catenin | [63] |
| Convallatoxin (11) | HCT116 | - Antiproliferative effects leading to cell death independent of p53 | [64] |
| Bufalin (17) | MCF-7 | - Inhibition of SRC-3 and SRC-1 | [65] |
| H1975 | - Induced apoptosis via downregulation of Mcl-1 by GSK-3β activation | [66] | |
| BxPC3-luc2 | - Induced cell cycle arrest via the c-Myc/NF-κB pathway | [67] |
Cell lines: Hela, cervical cancer; A549 and H1975, non-small-cell lung cancer; DAOY: human medulloblastoma; GSC, human glioma stem cells; Huh7 and Mahlavu, human hepatocellular carcinoma; U2OS and SaOS-2; osteosarcoma; HCT116, human colon cancer; MCF-7: breast cancer; BxPC-3-luc2: pancreatic adenocarcinoma; Abbreviations: Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; EGF, epidermal growth factor; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Mcl-1, myeloid cell leukemia-1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; PTEN, Phosphatase and tensin homolog; ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase; SRC, sarcoma; SRSF3, serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3, Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor-3; vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF; Wnt, wingless.