Figure 4.

Copper-induced SH-SY5Y cells toxicity and protection by olive biophenols: SH-SY5Y cells were treated with different concentrations of copper for 24 h (4A). SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with different concentrations of non-flavonoid olive biophenols (4B), flavonoid olive biophenols (4C) and extract olive biophenols (4D) for 24 h followed by 200 μM of copper for 24 h. The results are mean ± S.E. of each parallel measurements analyzed by one way ANOVA (Tukey’s test), * p < 0.05 vs. control and negative control. NS: non-significant. PC: positive control (cells with media), NC: negative control (cells and H₂O₂ without biophenols), CA: caffeic acid, OL: oleuropein, HT: hydoxytyrosol, VB: verbascoside, QU: quercetin, RU: rutin, LU: luteolin, OLE: olive leaf extract, OFE: olive fruit extract, HTE: Hydroxytyrosol extreme^TM, OLP: Olivenol plus^TM.