Effect of azobenzene linker length on complex formation between tail-clamp PNA (TC-PNA) and ssDNA. Each lane contains 100 nM of ssDNA. (A) Each lane from the left side contains no PNA, 100 nM of PNA6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; (B) Each lane from the left side contains no PNA, 200 nM of PNA6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, which contain C0-AZO, C3-AZO, C4-AZO, C5-AZO, and C6-AZO as linkers, respectively. Each TC-PNA and ssDNA were incubated in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer and 1 mM EDTA (pH 6.0) at 25 °C for 10 min. Gel mobility shift assays of TC-PNA/DNA complexes were performed using 15% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels; (C) quantitative band-intensity analysis of DNA and DNA/PNA complexes in Figure 3A; and (D) quantitative band-intensity analysis of DNA and DNA/PNA complexes in Figure 3B.