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600 MHz 1H-NMR spectra of urine obtained from rats from the control (A); cinnabar (B); Coptis chinensis (C) and berberine groupc (D). Key: 1, leucine + isoleucine; 2, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB); 3, acetate; 4, 2-ketoglutarate (2-OG); 5, citrate; 6, lactate; 7, creatine; 8, alanine; 9, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO); 10, glycine; 11, hippurate; 12, formate; 13, phenylalanine; 14, creatinine; 15, succinate; 16, taurine.
