Table 2.
1H-NMR-relative integral levels of metabolites in urine samples of the control, cinnabar, Coptis chinensis, and berberine groups.
| Metabolites | Chemical Shift (ppm) | Control Group | Cinnabar Group | Coptis chinensis Group | Berberine Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrate | 2.54 (d), 2.66 (d) | 5.85 ± 0.42 | 4.28 ± 0.56 * | 5.64 ± 0.62 | 5.93 ± 0.49 # |
| Trimethylamine-N-oxide | 3.27 (s) | 2.84 ± 0.38 | 1.76 ± 0.45 * | 2.88 ± 0.40 | 2.84 ± 0.44 # |
| Succinate | 2.41 (s) | 2.57 ± 0.28 | 1.88 ± 0.22 * | 2.36 ± 0.24 | 2.42 ± 0.19 # |
| α-Oxoglutarate | 2.47 (t), 3.01 (t) | 2.24 ± 0.31 | 1.62 ± 0.25 * | 2.22 ± 0.30 # | 2.16 ± 0.31 |
| Hippurate | 7.55 (t), 7.64 (t), 7.84 (d) | 1.24 ± 0.13 | 0.68 ± 0.28 * | 1.22 ± 0.12 # | 1.18 ± 0.15 # |
| Lactate | 1.32 (d), 4.14 (q) | 1.05 ± 0.34 | 1.85 ± 0.27 * | 1.07 ± 0.39 | 1.10 ± 0.32 |
| Alanine | 1.48 (d) | 1.08 ± 0.22 | 1.13 ± 0.33 | 1.15 ± 0.12 | 1.03 ± 0.09 |
| Acetate | 1.93 (s) | 1.64 ± 0.28 | 1.85 ± 0.31 | 1.59 ± 0.25 | 1.68 ± 0.16 |
| Taurine | 3.25 (t), 3.42 (t) | 0.34 ± 0.08 | 0.66 ± 0.09 * | 0.40 ± 0.05 # | 0.42 ± 0.08 # |
| Creatineine | 4.06 (s) | 0.98 ± 0.18 | 1.01 ± 0.19 | 1.06 ± 0.15 | 1.08 ± 0.17 |
| Creatine | 3.04 (s) | 0.75 ± 0.09 | 1.63 ± 0.22 * | 0.88 ± 0.13 # | 0.92 ± 0.16# |
| Leucine + isoleucine | 0.95–0.97 (m) | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.75 ± 0.03 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.45 ± 0.03 |
| Choline | 3.20 (s) | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.58 ± 0.07 * | 0.32 ± 0.08 # | 0.37 ± 0.06 # |
| Betaine | 3.89 (s) | 1.52 ± 0.13 | 0.80 ± 0.22 * | 1.49 ± 0.16 # | 1.42 ± 0.14 # |
Multiplicity: s, single; d, double; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet. * p < 0.05, when compared to control; # p < 0.05, when compared to cinnabar.