Table 1.
Descriptive statistics in older adults with newly diagnosed DM at wave 10
| Characteristic | All | With elevated depressive symptoms | Without elevated depressive symptoms | t statistic or χ2 statistic | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n (%) | 419 (100) | 113 (27) | 306 (73) | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 70.30 (8.62) | 71.05 (8.52) | 70.02 (8.65) | t417 = −1.09 | 0.28 |
| Sex, n (%) | χ2(1) = 2.50 | 0.11 | |||
| Male | 199 (47.5) | 46 (40.7) | 153 (50) | ||
| Female | 220 (52.5) | 67 (59.3) | 153 (50) | ||
| Race, n (%) | χ2(2) = 5.49 | 0.06 | |||
| White | 329 (87.1) | 80 (70.8) | 249 (81.4) | ||
| Black | 62 (14.8) | 23 (20.4) | 39 (12.7) | ||
| Other | 28 (6.7) | 10 (8.8) | 18 (5.9) | ||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | χ2(1) = 3.80 | 0.05 | |||
| Hispanic | 54 (12.9) | 21 (18.6) | 33 (10.8) | ||
| Non-Hispanic | 365 (87.1) | 92 (81.4) | 273 (89.2) | ||
| Years of education, mean (SD) | 12.48 (3.20) | 11.85 (3.35) | 12.71 (3.12) | t416 = 2.46 | 0.01* |
| Marital status, n (%) | χ2(1) = 8.41 | <0.01* | |||
| Married | 250 (59.7) | 54 (47.8) | 196 (64.1) | ||
| Not married | 169 (40.3) | 59 (52.2) | 110 (35.9) | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| High blood pressure | 316 (73) | 91 (80.5) | 225 (73.5) | χ2(1) = 1.82 | 0.18 |
| Cancer | 87 (20.8) | 26 (23.0) | 61 (19.9) | χ2(1) = 0.31 | 0.58 |
| Lung disease | 52 (12.4) | 16 (12.4) | 36 (11.8) | χ2(1) = 0.24 | 0.62 |
| Heart problems | 142 (33.9) | 39 (34.5) | 103 (33.7) | χ2(1) < 0.01 | 0.96 |
| Stroke | 30 (7.2) | 10 (8.8) | 20 (6.6) | χ2(1) = 0.35 | 0.55 |
| Arthritis | 288 (68.7) | 83 (73.5) | 205 (67.0) | χ2(1) = 1.32 | 0.25 |
| Psychiatric condition | 73 (17.4) | 25 (22.1) | 48 (15.7) | χ2(1) = 1.95 | 0.16 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.83 (6.01) | 29.80 (5.91) | 29.84 (6.05) | t412 = 0.05 | 0.96 |
| Cognitive function, mean (SD) | |||||
| Self-report memory | 3.11 (0.94) | 3.25 (0.95) | 3.07 (0.94) | t417 = −1.76 | 0.08 |
| Recall† | 9.57 (3.44) | 9.43 (3.46) | 9.62 (3.44) | t417 = 0.49 | 0.63 |
| Working memory† | 3.44 (1.70) | 3.02 (1.87) | 3.60 (1.61) | t417 = 3.14 | 0.02* |
| Depressive symptoms, mean (SD) | 1.39 (1.89) | 3.14 (2.10) | 0.75 (1.31) | t417 = −13.93 | <0.01* |
| Acquired disability, n (%) | 102 (24.3) | 39 (34.5) | 63 (20.6) | χ2(1) = 7.95 | <0.01* |
*P < 0.05.
†Higher scores indicate better cognitive function.