Table 2.
Genetic and Nonshared Environmental Correlations [Standard Errors] of CES-D and EF Latent Variables
| Common EF | Updating-Specific | Shifting-Specific | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression Measure | Age 17 | Age 23 | Age 17 | Age 23 | Age 17 | Age 23 |
| Additive Genetic (A) | 96%* [.04] | 80%* [.20] | 100%* [.00] | 98%* [.07] | 78%* [.09] | 79%* [.07] |
| Age 12 (18% [.22]) | −.48* [.30] | −.22 [.20] | −.43* [.27] | −.60* [.33] | .28 [.25] | −.03 [.18] |
| Age 17 (61*% [.06]) | −.38* [.09] | −.26* [.09] | −.05 [.09] | −.21* [.08] | .02 [.11] | −.11 [.10] |
| Age 23 (39*% [.06]) | −.13 [.11] | −.19 [.11] | .00 [.10] | −.27* [.09] | −.10 [.14] | −.01 [.11] |
| Shared Environmental (C) | 0% [.00] | 3% [.19] | 0% [.00] | 0% [.00] | 0% [.00] | 0% [.00] |
| Age 12 (29% [.18]) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Age 17 (0% [.00]) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Age 23 (0% [.00]) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Nonshared Environmental (E) | 4% [.04] | 16%* [.04] | 0% [.00] | 2% [.07] | 22%* [.09] | 21%* [.07] |
| Age 12 (53*% [.07]) | .21 [.30] | −.01 [.14] | -- | -- | .01 [.18] | .23 [.16] |
| Age 17 (39*% [.06]) | .04 [.28] | −.07 [.13] | -- | -- | .11 [.19] | .40* [.17] |
| Age 23 (61*% [.06]) | −.29 [.31] | −.01 [.12] | -- | -- | .34* [.17] | −.03 [.14] |
Note. Each CES-D and EF time point modeled separately (i.e., six models). Percentages are ACE variances taken from separate analyses for age 17 EFs, age 23 EFs, and each CES-D latent variable modeled alone; estimates changed negligibly in larger models. Dashes indicate that E correlations with Updating-Specific and C correlations were not modeled because of zero or near-zero variances for those EF factor variance components. CES-D=Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depresssion scale; EF=executive function.
p<.05, determined with chi-square difference tests. These tests may not agree with tests based on standard errors for ACE parameters, which can depend on model parameterization (Neale, Heath, Hewitt, Eaves, & Fulker, 1989).