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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Appl Stat. 2017 Nov 16;45(11):1956–1977. doi: 10.1080/02664763.2017.1401053

Figure 4:

Figure 4:

This DAG provides the framework for Test 2. When D is associated with Md, an association between D and T* is induced due to the conditioning event using rules of DAGs. This figure represents these random variables within each stratum of G.