Table 1. Results of univariate analysis to determine influencing factors for severity of hemoptysis.
| Clinically significant hemoptysis (n = 17) | No clinically significant hemoptysis (n = 94) | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinico-laboratory factors | |||||
| Male (vs female) | 64.7% (11/17) | 48.9% (46/94) | 1.913 | 0.654–5.598 | 0.236 |
| Age ≥ 60 (vs < 60) | 52.9% (9/17) | 64.9% (61/94) | 0.609 | 0.215–1.726 | 0.350 |
| Smoking (vs non-smoker) | 58.8% (10/17) | 38.3% (36/94) | 2.302 | 0.804–6.588 | 0.120 |
| Patient Medical history (vs none) | |||||
| History of pulmonary TB | 52.9% (9/17) | 45.7% (43/94) | 2.930 | 0.589–14.577 | 0.189 |
| History of liver cirrhosis | 5.9% (1/17) | 2.1% (2/94) | 7.000 | 0.427–114.701 | 0.173 |
| History of cancer | 29.4% (5/17) | 22.3% (21/94) | 3.333 | 0.588–18.891 | 0.174 |
| Anticoagulation medication (vs none) | 5.8% (1/17) | 2.1% (2/94) | 2.875 | 0.246–33.600 | 0.400 |
| Prothrombin time (international normalized ratio) ≥ 1.0 | 41.2% (7/17) | 43.6% (41/94) | 0.905 | 0.317–2.582 | 0.852 |
| Activated partial thromboplastic time(s) ≥ 35 | 17.6% (3/17) | 23.4% (22/94) | 0.701 | 0.185–2.666 | 0.602 |
| Platelet count (x103/μL) < 100 | 5.9% (1/17) | 1.1% (1/94) | 5.812 | 0.346–97.722 | 0.222 |
| CT lesion characteristics | |||||
| Target size (mm) < 20 | 52.9% (9/17) | 33.0% (31/94) | 2.286 | 0.804–6.500 | 0.121 |
| Emphysema (vs none) | 76.5% (13/17) | 84.0% (79/94) | 1.621 | 0.465–5.652 | 0.449 |
| Subsolid nodule (vs solid) | 35.3% (6/17) | 10.6% (10/94) | 4.582 | 1.392–15.081 | 0.012 |
| Cavity or necrosis (vs none) | 11.8% (2/17) | 5.3% (5/94) | 2.373 | 0.421–13.369 | 0.327 |
| Open bronchus sign (vs none) | 58.8% (10/17) | 22.3% (21/94) | 4.966 | 1.685–14.637 | 0.004 |
| Biopsy procedural factors | |||||
| Distance between the pleura to the lesion (mm) ≥ 40 | 23.5% (4/17) | 26.6% (25/94) | 0.849 | 0.253–2.849 | 0.791 |
| Prone position (vs supine) | 70.6% (12/17) | 61.7% (58/94) | 1.490 | 0.485–4.580 | 0.487 |
| 18G needle gauze (vs 21G) | 35.3% (6/17) | 19.1% (18/94) | 2.303 | 0.752–7.055 | 0.144 |
| Needle insertion time (min) ≥ 10 | 11.8% (2/17) | 21.3% (20/94) | 0.493 | 0.104–2.336 | 0.373 |
| Number of acquisition of biopsy specimen ≥ 3 | 17.6% (3/17) | 40.4% (38/94) | 0.316 | 0.085–1.174 | 0.085 |
| Introducer needle tip outside the lesion | 35.3% (6/17) | 23.4% (22/94) | 2.433 | 0.826–7.172 | 0.107 |
| Bronchovascular injuries | |||||
| Penetration of vessel 1mm or larger along the inserted needle path (vs none) | 58.8% (10/17) | 60.6% (57/94) | 0.927 | 0.324–2.652 | 0.888 |
| Penetration of bronchus 1mm or larger along the inserted needle path (vs none) | 29.4% (5/17) | 13.8% (13/94) | 2.596 | 0.785–8.588 | 0.118 |
| Potential penetration of vessel 1mm or larger when fired (vs none) | 70.6% (12/17) | 34.0% (32/94) | 4.650 | 1.506–14.354 | 0.008 |
| Potential penetration of bronchus 1mm or larger when fired (vs none) | 35.3% (6/17) | 13.8% (13/94) | 3.399 | 1.072–10.780 | 0.038 |
| Cut vessel 1mm or larger in biopsy specimen (vs none)* | 52.9% (9/17) | 20.2% (18/89) | 4.437 | 1.501–13.116 | 0.007 |
| Cut bronchial structure in biopsy specimen (vs none)* | 47.1% (8/17) | 22.5% (20/89) | 3.067 | 1.047–8.982 | 0.041 |
Note–Except where indicated, data are no. (%) of patients undergoing PTNB. OR = odd ratio, CI = confidence interval
* We exclude 5 cases in which no sample exists on the analysis of the cutting injury assessed base on the histopathologic evaluation