Table 1.
Characteristics of dengue fever controls and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome cases at the time of uncomplicated dengue fever diagnosis (baseline)
| Characteristics | Controls n = 235 | Cases n = 109 | P1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic and anthropometric, % | |||
| Male sex | 50.2 | 48.6 | 0.78 |
| Age, y | |||
| Mean ± SD | 26.5 ± 16.1 | 26.8 ± 13.3 | 0.29 |
| Median (range) | 22.4 (5.0, 86.0) | 23.8 (5.0, 72.0) | 0.29 |
| % <15 y | 29.8 | 14.7 | 0.003 |
| Low socioeconomic status2 | 33.2 | 33.3 | 0.98 |
| Short stature3 | 12.6 | 15.2 | 0.51 |
| Underweight4 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 0.73 |
| Obesity5 | 8.5 | 9.5 | 0.75 |
| Clinical, % | |||
| Episode in the epidemic period6 | 38.3 | 23.9 | 0.008 |
| 72 to <96 hours with fever before consultation | 65.5 | 55.1 | 0.06 |
| Spontaneous hemorrhage | 8.9 | 9.2 | 0.94 |
| Orthostatic hypotension | 12.3 | 15.6 | 0.41 |
| Tourniquet test positive | 39.5 | 49.1 | 0.10 |
| Thrombocytopenia7 | 14.9 | 50.0 | <0.0001 |
| Virological, % | |||
| Secondary infection | 27.2 | 27.6 | 0.94 |
| Serotype8 | 0.01 | ||
| 1 | 34.7 | 10.7 | |
| 2 | 8.2 | 32.1 | |
| 3 | 34.7 | 42.9 | |
| 4 | 22.5 | 14.3 | |
| Immunological, mean ± SD | |||
| Interferon-γ, pg/ml | 41.8 ± 53.5 | 53.0 ± 65.0 | 0.17 |
| Interleukin-10, pg/ml | 138.4 ± 211.5 | 198.1 ± 242.5 | 0.0001 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/ml | 4.9 ± 9.8 | 5.1 ± 3.6 | <0.0001 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α, pg/ml | 14.7 ± 8.8 | 16.5 ± 10.6 | 0.17 |
χ2 and Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests for dichotomous and continuous characteristics, respectively.
Strata 1 and 2 (out of 5) of the local government’s socioeconomic status classification of households for tax and planning purposes.
For participants < 18 years of age, height-for-age < –1 Z according to the World Health Organization sex-specific growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. For participants ≥ 18 years of age, height < –1 Z of the sex-specific distributions of controls (< 151 cm for women and < 167 cm for men).
For participants < 18 years of age, body mass index (BMI)-for-age < –2 Z according to the World Health Organization sex-specific growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents.(51) For participants ≥ 18 years of age, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2.
For participants < 18 years of age, BMI-for-age ≥ 2 Z according to the World Health Organization sex-specific growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. For participants ≥ 18 years of age, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m.
The epidemic period occurred between 10/2009 and 12/2010.
Platelet count < 100,000/mm3.
DENV serotyping was conducted in a subsample of 49 controls (20.9%) and 28 cases (25.7%).