Table 1.
Depression by socioeconomic, reproductive, HIV, partner and mental health characteristics prenatal at baseline (N = 681).
| Characteristic | All Mean (SD) n(%) | Not Depressed (n = 349) Mean (SD) n(%) | Depressed (n = 332) Mean (SD) n (%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Age | 28.40 (5.71) | 28.42 (5.66) | 28.37 (5.77) | 0.12, 0.903 |
| Education | ||||
| Grade 0–9 | 148 (21.7%) | 68 (19.5%) | 80 (24.1%) | |
| Grade 10–11 | 339 (49.8%) | 162 (46.4%) | 177 (53.3%) | |
| Grade 12 or more | 194 (28.5%) | 119 (34.1%) | 75 (22.6%) | 11.20, 0.004 |
| Employed | ||||
| No | 562 (82.5%) | 277 (79.4%) | 285 (85.8%) | |
| Yes | 119 (17.5%) | 72 (20.6%) | 47 (14.2%) | 4.95, 0.026 |
| Monthly household income (South African Rand) | ||||
| <600 (~ $50) | 373 (54.8%) | 176 (50.4%) | 197 (59.3%) | |
| ≥600 | 306 (45.2%) | 173 (49.6%) | 135 (40.7%) | 5.45, 0.020 |
| Relationship Status | ||||
| Unmarried, living separate | 403 (59.2%) | 198 (56.7%) | 205 (61.7%) | |
| Unmarried, living together | 153 (22.5%) | 79 (22.6%) | 74 (22.3%) | |
| Married | 125 (18.4%) | 72 (20.6%) | 53 (16.0%) | 2.75, 0.253 |
| Reproductive issues | ||||
| Number of children | ||||
| None | 139 (20.4%) | 76 (21.8%) | 63 (19.0%) | |
| One or more | 542 (79.6%) | 273 (78.2%) | 269 (81.0%) | 0.821, 0.365 |
| Pregnancy unplanned | ||||
| No | 134 (47.0%) | 186 (53.3%) | 134 (40.4%) | |
| Yes | 361 (53.0%) | 163 (46.7%) | 198 (59.6%) | 11.43, 0.001 |
| HIV issues | ||||
| Diagnosed during this pregnancy | ||||
| No | 153 (46.1%) | 314 (46.1%) | 153 (46.1%) | |
| Yes | 179 (53.9%) | 367 (53.9%) | 179 (53.9%) | 0.00, 0.990 |
| Months since ART initiation | 13.27 (24.35) | 13.82 (25.05) | 12.69 (23.62) | 0.65, 0.516a |
| HIV serostatus of children | ||||
| Negative/Do not know | 513 (94.6%) | 252 (92.3%) | 261 (97.0%) | |
| Yes | 29 (5.4%) | 21 (7.7%) | 8 (3.0%) | 5.96, 0.015 |
| Partner issues | ||||
| Disclosure of serostatus (to partner) | ||||
| No | 279 (41.0%) | 132 (37.8%) | 147 (44.3%) | |
| Yes | 402 (59.0%) | 217 (62.2%) | 185 (55.7%) | 2.93, 0.087 |
| HIV serostatus of spouse/partner | ||||
| Negative/Do not know | 510 (74.9%) | 252 (72.2%) | 258 (77.7%) | |
| Positive | 171 (25.1%) | 97 (27.8%) | 74 (22.3%) | 2.74, 0.098 |
| Male Involvement | 7.11 (3.07) | 7.52 (2.88) | 6.67 (3.20) | 3.65, <0.001 |
| Psychological Intimate Partner Violence | 3.24 (5.31) | 2.48 (4.85) | 4.04 (5.66) | 5.62, <0.001a |
| Physical Intimate Partner Violence | 1.15 (3.68) | 0.70 (2.72) | 1.62 (4.34) | 4.20, <0.001a |
| Alcohol use, stigma, adherence, and sexual risk behaviors | ||||
| Alcohol (>2 drinks last month) | ||||
| No | 587 (86.2%) | 310 (88.8%) | 277 (834%) | |
| Yes | 94 (13.8%) | 39 (11.2%) | 55 (16.6%) | 4.16, 0.041 |
| Stigma | 1.33 (1.37) | 1.18 (1.32) | 1.48 (1.40) | 3.55, <0.001 |
| Adherent to ARVs | ||||
| No | 224 (32.9%) | 87 (24.9%) | 137 (41.3%) | |
| Yes | 457 (67.1%) | 262 (75.1%) | 195 (58.7%) | 20.57, <0.001 |
| Consistent condom use (past week) | ||||
| No | 388 (57.0%) | 199 (57.0%) | 189 (56.9%) | |
| Yes | 293 (43.0%) | 150 (43.0%) | 143 (43.1%) | 0.001, 0.981 |
| Noncondom use at last sex | ||||
| No | 327 (48.9%) | 146 (41.8%) | 181 (54.5%) | |
| Yes | 354 (52.0%) | 203 (58.2%) | 151 (45.5%) | 10.97, <0.001 |
| Study condition | ||||
| Standard of care | 345 (50.7%) | 194 (55.6%) | 151 (45.5%) | |
| Enhanced intervention | 336 (49.3%) | 155 (44.4%) | 181 (54.5%) | 6.95, 0.008 |
a
Mann-Whitney tests were used for median comparison of groups and chi-square tests for differences in proportions.