Table 2.
Multinomial logistic regressions with “Stable no depression” (prenatal and 12 months postnatal) as reference group (n = 205)
| Stable Depression (n = 58)
|
Change to Depression (Incident epression) (n = 59)
|
Change to No Depression (n = 81)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | |
| Fixed Effects | ||||||
| Intervention | 1.58 [0.97, 2.59] | 1.55 [0.85, 2.82] | 0.66 [0.38, 1.16] | 0.79 [0.42, 1.50] | 1.55 [0.99, 2.42] | 1.77 [1.06, 2.97]* |
| Covariates (Baseline) | ||||||
| Age | 1.01 [0.97, 1.06] | – | 1.02 [0.97, 1.07] | – | 0.99 [0.95, 1.03] | – |
| Educational Attainment (ref = up to 10 years) | ||||||
| 10 to 11 years | 0.97 [0.53, 1.77] | 1.23 [0.59, 2.57] | 0.80 [0.41, 1.58] | 1.04 [0.46, 2.35] | 1.32 [0.73, 2.37] | 1.29 [0.65, 2.57] |
| 12 years or more | 0.44 [0.21, 0.92]* | 0.26 [0.10, 0.66]** | 0.63 [0.28, 1.38] | 0.53 [0.22, 1.30] | 0.96 [0.50, 1.86] | 0.62 [0.29, 1.33] |
| Monthly Income | 0.85 [0.52, 1.39] | – | 1.03 [0.59, 1.79] | – | 0.74 [0.47, 1.16] | |
| Relationship Status | ||||||
| Unmarried, living together | 0.87 [0.46, 1.62] | – | 0.98 [0.49, 1.99] | – | 1.02 [0.58, 1.79] | |
| Married | 0.75 [0.38, 1.49] | – | 1.08 [0.52, 2.25] | – | 1.13 [0.63, 2.03] | |
| Children | 0.86 [0.46, 1.59] | 0.99 [0.46, 2.13] | 1.73 [0.75, 3.99] | 2.23 [0.76, 6.52] | 1.77 [0.93, 3.39] | 1.66 [0.69, 4.04] |
| Pregnancy Unplanned | 1.12 [0.69, 1.82] | – | 0.70 [0.40, 1.22] | 1.40 [0.89, 2.19] | ||
| Diagnosed during this pregnancy | 0.94 [0.58, 1.53] | – | 0.93 [0.54, 1.62] | – | 1.19 [0.76, 1.85] | |
| Months Since ART Initiation | 1.01 [0.99, 1.02] | – | 0.99 [0.98, 1.01] | – | 0.99 [0.98, 1.00] | |
| HIV Positive Children | 0.67 [0.19, 2.34] | 0.84 [0.19, 3.64] | 2.30 [0.85, 6.22] | 1.62 [0.57, 4.62] | 0.41 [0.12, 1.42] | 0.31 [0.09, 1.02] |
| HIV Positive Partner | 1.25 [0.73, 2.12] | – | 1.09 [0.59, 2.01] | 0.72 [0.43, 1.21] | ||
| Alcohol Use | 1.65 [0.86, 3.17] | – | 1.39 [0.66, 2.95] | 1.09 [0.57, 2.07] | ||
| Stigma | 1.09 [0.92, 1.30] | – | 1.21 [1.01, 1.45]* | 1.35 [1.06, 6.52]* | 1.06 [0.89, 1.25] | |
| Disclosure of HIV Status to Partner | 0.86 [0.52, 1.40] | – | 1.26 [0.71, 2.23] | – | 0.75 [0.48, 1.18] | |
| Male Involvement | 0.94 [0.87, 1.02] | – | 0.99 [0.91, 1.08] | – | 0.95 [0.89, 1.02] | |
| Psychologica Intimate Partner Violence | 1.09 [1.05, 1.14]*** | 1.16 [1.07, 1.25]*** | 1.03 [0.99, 1.08] | – | 0.95 [0.90, 0.99]* | 1.03 [0.96, 1.10] |
| Physical Intimate Partner Violence | 1.13 [1.04, 1.22]*** | 1.04 [0.89, 1.25] | 1.04 [0.97, 1.12] | – | 0.91 [0.81, 1.02] | |
| Adherence to ARVs | 0.71 [0.43, 1.17] | – | 1.32 [0.71, 2.44] | – | 0.57 [0.36, 0.90]* | |
| Sexually Active in Past Week | 1.43 [0.84, 2.42] | – | 1.02 [0.57, 1.82] | – | 1.51 [0.93, 2.43] | |
| Model Fit | ||||||
| −2LL (Deviance) | −261.28 | −237.99 | −335.99 | |||
| Number of Parameters | 10 | 10 | 10 | |||
| AIC/BIC | 277.28/305.06 | 251.99/275.62 | 349.99/374.99 | |||
***
P < 0.001.
**
P < 0.01.
*
P < 0.05.
a
Random effects indicates the estimated variances from random effects logistic regression model.
Note: AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio.