Table 1.
Summary of selected baseline characteristics
| Characteristics of study population | Persons with MS N=5,692 | Persons without MS N=28,460 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), yrs | 76.5 (7.8) | 76.5 (7.8) | 0.96† |
| Sex, females, n (%) | 4,206 (73.9) | 21,030 (73.9) | 1.00§ |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| White | 4,827 (84.8) | 24,135 (84.8) | 1.00§ |
| Black or Hispanic | 732 (12.9) | 3,660 (12.9) | |
| Others | 133 (2.3) | 665 (2.3) | |
| * Duration of follow-up, yrs, mean (SD) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.6) | <0.001† |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.0 (6.2) | 28.0 (7.1) | <0.001† |
| Walking in the room, n (%) | <0.001§ | ||
| Independent/supervision | 713 (12.5) | 9,910 (34.8) | |
| Limited assistance | 401 (7.0) | 4,212 (14.8) | |
| Extensive assistance | 358 (6.3) | 2,949 (10.4) | |
| Dependent/total dependence | 4,220 (74.1) | 11,389 (40.0) | |
| Transfer performance, n (%) | <0.001§ | ||
| Independent/supervision | 746 (13.1) | 9,489 (33.3) | |
| Limited assistance | 588 (10.3) | 5,356 (18.8) | |
| Extensive assistance | 1,771 (31.1) | 8,832 (31.0) | |
| Total dependence | 2,587 (45.4) | 4,783 (16.8) | |
| || Presence of wandering, n (%) | 155 (2.7) | 2,400 (8.4) | <0.001§ |
| || Presence of easily distracted, n (%) | 633 (11.1) | 4,804 (16.9) | <0.001§ |
| || Presence of fall, 180 day before index, n (%) | 1,449 (25.5) | 10,815 (38.0) | <0.001§ |
| ¶ Presence of each comorbidity, n (%) | |||
| Pressure ulcer | 754 (13.2) | 1,934 (6.8) | <0.001§ |
| Anxiety | 1,001 (17.6) | 6,251 (22.0) | <0.001§ |
| Depression | 3,473 (61.0) | 16,998 (59.7) | 0.071§ |
| Schizophrenia | 235 (4.1) | 2,836 (10.0) | <0.001§ |
| Pneumonia | 582 (10.2) | 2,919 (10.3) | 0.96§ |
| Stroke | 1,385 (24.3) | 7,911 (27.8) | <0.001§ |
| Alzheimer’s disease | 423 (7.4) | 4,766 (16.7) | <0.001§ |
| Dementia, but not Alzheimer’s | 1,676 (29.4) | 10,922 (38.4) | <0.001§ |
| Prescription medication used, n (%) | |||
| Antidepressants | 3,326 (59.0) | 17,049 (61.0) | 0.006§ |
| Anxiolytics | 615 (10.9) | 3,519 (12.6) | <0.001§ |
| Anticonvulsants | 1,871 (33.2) | 8,571 (30.6) | <0.001§ |
| Antipsychotics | 1,133 (20.1) | 10,268 (36.7) | <0.001§ |
| Thyroid hormones | 1,133 (20.1) | 6,225 (22.3) | <0.001§ |
| Opioids | 1,963 (34.8) | 9,609 (34.4) | 0.52§ |
*
Study population was followed from the index date, until the first event of incident hip fracture, death, or March 31st, 2010 (end of the study period).
†
Comparison between MS and non-MS groups using Student’s t-test
§
Comparison between MS and non-MS groups using the Chi-square test
¶
Missing<2% of observations. Study participants with missing values were coded as absence of a comorbidity.
||
Missing<1% of observations. Study participants with missing values were coded as absence of each condition.