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. 2018 Sep 21;19:58. doi: 10.1186/s12868-018-0460-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Expression of IDO and KMO after LPS-induced pro-inflammatory stimulation of human microglial-like cells. LPS induces an increase of the expression of the kynurenine pathway-enzymes IDO (a) and KMO (b). Minocycline (MINO) potently inhibits stimulation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression only in the presence of retinol (ROL) (a). For Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), the same trend can be observed, however reaching no statistical significance (b). Results are given as fold over vehicle (VEH), mRNA expression was calculated relative to GAPDH housekeeping gene expression (ΔΔCT-Method). Results are presented as means +/- SEM from 4 healthy controls, assessed in 4 independent experiments