Table 1.
Description of sample characteristics among older adults aged 65 and over, CLHLS 2005, 2008, and 2011
| Variables | % or mean (s.d.) |
|---|---|
| Social participation | |
| Extensive social participation (0–4) | 0.9 (0.9) |
| Playing cards/mahjong (0–4) | 0.6 (1.3) |
| Organized social activities (0–4) | 0.4 (0.9) |
| Number of siblings frequently visited (0–8) | 0.7 (1.3) |
| Paid job | |
| Not involved | 94.2 |
| Involved | 5.8 |
| Mediating variables | |
| Health behavior | |
| Physical exercise | |
| No | 57.2 |
| Yes | 42.8 |
| Psychosocial factors | |
| Cognitive ability (0–23) | 20.0 (3.9) |
| Positive emotions (3–15) | 11.5 (2.4) |
| Control variables | |
| Rural/urban residence | |
| Rural | 53.2 |
| Urban | 46.8 |
| Gender | |
| Female | 51.7 |
| Male | 48.3 |
| Age | |
| 65–69 | 9.0 |
| 70–74 | 24.0 |
| 75–79 | 22.3 |
| 80–84 | 16.3 |
| 85–89 | 12.0 |
| 90 and above | 16.3 |
| Marital status | |
| Widowed/divorced/never married | 51.2 |
| Married | 48.8 |
| Education | |
| Illiterate | 44.2 |
| Literate | 55.8 |
| Self-perceived economic conditions | |
| Poor | 16.0 |
| Fair | 68.0 |
| Good | 16.0 |
| Number of living children | 3.9 (1.8) |
| Number of chronic diseases | 1.2 (1.3) |
| N | 104,468 |