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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 22.
Published in final edited form as: Nitric Oxide. 2018 Mar 22:S1089-8603(17)30289-6. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.015

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Examples of agonist-induced phasic contractions in rat bladder strips showing that NO2-OA (N-O) mimics the effects induced by activation of TRPV1 or TRPA1 receptors. D. Arrows indicate time of application of NO2-OA (15µM, A), CAPS (1µM, B) and AITC (30µM, C). (D) Summary data showing the amplitude of agonist-induced increases in phasic contraction amplitude normalized to KCl-evoked contraction). * p < 0.05, NS p > 0.05 by one-way ANOVA, n = 9 to 13. E, Schematic of NO2-OA mechanism of action. NO2-OA activates TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels on capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerve terminals to trigger the release of neurokinins that act on postjunctional receptors to induce smooth muscle contractions. SP – substance P, NKA – neurokinin A. NKR – neurokinin receptor. Reproduced with permission from Artim et al., 2011 [18].