Table 2.
Extracted data from studies included in the scoping review on longitudinal participation outcomes after stroke.
| Author | Year | Country | Setting | Study design | Measure | Sample size | 1st measure | 2nd measure | 3rd measure | 4th measure | Assessors | Age (yr) mean (SD), median (IQR) | Define participation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altman et al. [46] | 2013 | USA | Community | Retrospective cohort of completers and noncompleters | MPAI-4 | Completers n = 738, noncompleters n = 150 | Baseline | Discharge | Postdischarge (3 months) | Postdischarge (12 months) | Not described | Completers 51.10 (11.46), noncompleters 52.96 (52.96) | Operational |
| Awad et al. [47] | 2014 | USA | Research laboratory | Case series pretest, posttest | SIS-P | n = 13 | Baseline | Postbaseline (12 weeks) | PT | 61 (8.31) | Self-perceived participation | ||
| Beaudoin et al. [48] | 2013 | Canada | Community | Prospective cohort study | LIFE-H | n = 57 | Baseline | Postbaseline (6 months) | Postbaseline (9 months) | Not described | 76.9 (8.1) | DCP | |
| Bertilsson et al. [49] | 2016 | Sweden | Inpatient and community | Multicentre cluster RCT | SIS-P, OGQ | Client-centred n = 88, usual n = 95 | Baseline | Postbaseline (3 months) | 12 months | OT | Client-centred 74.1 (9.5), usual 71.3 (10.1) | ICF, meaningful activities/occupation | |
| Brown et al. [50] | 2014 | Canada | Community | Prospective cohort study, with intervention and interrupted time series | PASIPD | n = 61 | Baseline | Postbaseline (2 months) | Postbaseline (4 months) | PT | Intervention 65 (13), control 66 (13) | Operational | |
| Butler et al. [51] | 2006 | USA | Community | Case study: pre-post test | SIS-P | n = 1 | Baseline | Postbaseline (4 weeks) | Postintervention (8 weeks) | Postintervention (3 months) | OT | 44 | ICF |
| Chou et al. [52] | 2015 | Taiwan | Inpatient and community | Prospective cohort study | SIS-P | Baseline n = 263 | Baseline | Postbaseline (2 weeks) | OT | 59.8 (13.0) | Operational | ||
| Combs-Miller et al. [53] | 2014 | USA | Research laboratory and community | RCT | IMPACT-P | n = 20 | Baseline | Postintervention | Postbaseline (3 months) | PT | Body weight-supported 56.20 (7.61), overground walking 65.50 (6.17) | ICF | |
| Demetrios et al. [54] | 2014 | Australia | Community | Nonrandomized controlled study | GAS | High-intensity program n = 28, usual care n = 31 | Baseline | Postintervention (6 weeks) | Postintervention (12 weeks) | Postintervention (24 weeks) | Not described | High-intensity 60.6 (48.6–65.9), usual care 61.4 (47.8–68.6) | ICF |
| Desrosiers et al. [55] | 2006 | Canada | Community | Prospective cohort study | LIFE-H | T1 n = 102, T2 n = 66 | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (2–4 years) | OT | T1 68.1 (14.1), T2 67.6 (13.7) | DCP | ||
| Desrosiers et al. [56] | 2007 | Canada | Community | RCT | Minutes | Experimental n = 29, control n = 27 | Baseline | Postintervention | OT | Experimental 70.0 (10.2), control 70.0 (12.0) | DCP | ||
| Desrosiers et al. [57] | 2006 | Canada | Community | Prospective cohort study | LIFE-H | T1 n = 102, T2 n = 66 | Postdischarge (6 months) | Poststroke (2–4 years) | OT | T1 68.1 (14.1), T2 67.6 (13.7) | DCP | ||
| Egan et al. [58] | 2014 | Canada | Community | Prospective cohort study | RNL | n = 67 | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (9 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | Poststroke (18 months) | Not described | 64.8 (13.3) | ICF |
| Egan et al. [59] | 2015 | Canada | Community | Prospective cohort study | RNL | n = 67 | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (9 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | Poststroke (18 months) | Not described | 64.8 (13.3) | ICF |
| Evan et al. [60] | 2012 | USA | Community | Case study pre-post test | GPS | n = 1 | Baseline | Postbaseline (4 weeks) | Postbaseline (8 weeks) | Postdischarge (6 and 12 months) | PT | 56 | ICF |
| Flansbjer et al. [61] | 2012 | Sweden | Community | Prospective cohort study follow-up from RCT | SIS-P | n = 18 | Baseline | Postintervention | Postintervention (5 months) | Postintervention (4 years) | PT | 4 years 66 (4) | ICF |
| Flansbjer et al. [62] | 2008 | Sweden | Community | RCT | SIS-P | n = 24 | Baseline | Postintervention | Postintervention (5 months) | PT | Intervention 61 (5), control 60 (5) | ICF | |
| Guidetti et al. [63] | 2015 | Stockholm, Uppsala, and Gävleborg County, Sweden | Community | RCT | SIS-P | n = 280 | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | OT | CADL 74 (10), UADL 71 (11) | Operational | |
| Guidetti et al. [64]∗ | 2014 | Stockholm, Sweden | Community | Comparative study no controls | SIS-P | n = 349 | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | OT, PT | 74 (14) | Operational | ||
| Hamzat and Peters [65]∗ | 2009 | Nigeria | Community | Longitudinal descriptive study | LHS | n = 20 | Poststroke (1 month) | Poststroke (2 months) | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (4 months) | PT | Not reported | ICF |
| Horgan et al. [66]∗ | 2009 | Ireland | Community | Comparative study no controls | FAI | n = 23 | Poststroke (2 weeks) | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | PT | 69.7 (11.3) | Operational | |
| Ilse et al. [67] | 2008 | Belgium | Community | Comparative study no controls | NEADL, mRS | n = 90 | Poststroke (2 months) | Poststroke (4 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | PT | 67.3 (11.2) | Operational | |
| Baert et al. [68] | 2012 | Belgium | Inpatient | Case series pretest, posttest | SIS-P, NEADL | n = 50 | Baseline | Poststroke (2 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | PT | 57.2 (11.4) | ICF |
| Jalayondeja et al. [69] | 2011 | Thailand | Community | Prospective cohort study | SIS-P | n = 98 | Poststroke (1 month) | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Researcher/research assistant | 61.9 (11.02) | Operational | |
| Jalayondeja et al. [70]∗ | 2014 | Thailand | Community | Prospective cohort study | SIS-P | n = 98 | Poststroke (1 month) | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Researcher/research assistant | Fallers 65.4 (10.2), nonfallers 60.7 (11.2) | Community participation | |
| Kluding et al. [71] | 2013 | USA | Community | RCT | SIS-P | n = 197 | Baseline | Postintervention (6 weeks) | Postintervention (12 weeks) | Postintervention (30 weeks) | PT | Interventions 60.7 (12.2), control 61.6 (11.0) | Operational |
| Kootker et al. [72] | 2017 | Netherlands | Community | RCT | USER-P | n = 61 | Baseline | Postintervention | Postintervention (4 months) | Postintervention (8 months) | Health psychologist | CBT 61 (45–79), CCT 61 (25–76) | Operational |
| Kutner et al. [73] | 2010 | USA | Inpatient and community | RCT | SIS-P | RTP n = 7, combined therapy group n = 10 | Baseline | Postintervention | Postintervention (2 months) | OT, PT | RTP 51.0 (11.3), combined therapy group 61.9 (13.4) | Operational | |
| Kwok et al. [74]∗ | 2011 | Hong Kong | Inpatient | Observational cohort study | LHS | Baseline n = 594, 3 months n = 500, 12 months n = 433 | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | Not described | 72 (65–77) | ICF | ||
| Laufer et al. [75] | 2009 | Israel | Research laboratory and community | Time series no control | SIS-P | n = 24 | Baseline | Postintervention (8 weeks) | Postintervention (12 months) | PT | Study group 55.0 (14.6) | Meaningful activities/occupation | |
| Lennon et al. [76] | 2006 | Ireland | Inpatient and community | Pre-post test | LHS | n = 9 | Poststroke (6 weeks) | Discharge from physiotherapy | 64.3 (9.6) | Operational | |||
| Levin et al. [77] | 2012 | Canada + Israel | Research laboratory and community | Case series pre-post test | MAL | VR n = 8, conventional n = 6 | Baseline | Postbaseline (1 week) | Postintervention | Postintervention (1 month) | OT | VR 58.1 (14.6), conventional 59.8 (15.1) | ICF |
| Lund et al. [78] | 2012 | Norway | Community | RCT | SF-36 | Intervention n = 39, control n = 47 | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (9 months) | Researcher/research assistant | Intervention 75 (7.2), control 79 (6.5) | Operational | ||
| Mayer and Reid [79]∗ | 2004 | Canada | Community | Prospective longitudinal cohort study | IPA | n = 18 | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | OT | 67.4 (13.4) | ICF | ||
| Mayo et al. [80] | 2009 | Canada and England | Inpatient and community | Longitudinal cohort study | SIS-P | n = 408 | Poststroke (1 month) | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | Not described | 66.5 (14.6) | Operational |
| Mayo et al. [81] | 2011 | Canada | Community | Reanalysis of RCT | SF-36 | Nurse case-manager group n = 96, usual care group n = 94 | Postintervention | Postintervention (6 months) | Not described | Nurse case-manager 70 (14), usual care 72 (13) | Role participation | ||
| Mayo et al. [82] | 2013 | Canada | Community | RCT | SIS-P, RAND-36 | Cycle group n = 43, exercise group n = 44 | Baseline | Postbaseline (12 months) | PT | Cycle 67.7 (14.4) ,exercise 67.8 (12.3) | ICF, role participation | ||
| Mercer et al. [83] | 2009 | USA | Inpatient and research laboratory | Prospective cohort study | SIS-P | n = 33 | Poststroke (1 month) | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Not described | 58.7 (17.3) | ICF | |
| Nijenhuis et al. [84] | 2015 | Netherlands | Community | Comparison within subjects, longitudinal | SIS-P | n = 24 | Baseline | Postintervention (6 weeks) | Biomechanical engineering | 59 (13) | Operational | ||
| Page et al. [85] | 2015 | USA | Research laboratory and community | Comparison within subjects longitudinal no control | SIS-P | n = 5 | Baseline | Postintervention | OT | 43.7 (6.43) | Meaningful activities/occupation | ||
| Pang et al. [86] | 2005 | Canada | Community | RCT | PASIPD | n = 63 | Baseline | Postintervention | OT, PT | Intervention group 65.8 (9.1), control 64.7 (8.4) | Operational | ||
| Parker et al. [87] | 2001 | UK | Community | RCT | NLQ | n = 466 | Postintervention (6 months) | Postintervention (12 months) | OT | Leisure 72 (65–79), ADL 71 (66–78), control 72 (65–78) | Operational | ||
| Penney et al. [88] | 2007 | Canada | Not stated | Single case study | IPA, 6-minute walk test | n = 1 | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | PT | 62 | ICF | ||
| Pundik et al. [89] | 2012 | USA | Not stated | Pre-post test with interrupted time series no control | SIS-P | n = 44 | Baseline | Postintervention | Postintervention (3 months) | Not described | 60 (16.8) | ICF | |
| Raghavan et al. [90] | 2016 | USA | Community | Mixed-method pre-post design with 1 year follow-up | SIS-P | n = 13 | Baseline | Postintervention | Postintervention (12 months) | OT | 52 (14) | Operational | |
| Rochette et al. [91] | 2013 | Canada | Inpatient and community | RCT | LIFE-H | n = 186 | Baseline | Postbaseline (6 months) | Postintervention (12 months) | OT, PT | YOU CALL 63.2 (12.4), WE CALL 61.7 (12.7) | DCP | |
| Sabariego et al. [92] | 2013 | Germany | Inpatient and community | RCT | SIS-P | n = 260 | Baseline | Postintervention (1 week) | Postintervention (6 months) | Not described | Experimental 55.3 (12.6), control 59.3 (12.7) | ICF | |
| Sandberg et al. [93] | 2016 | Sweden | Community | RCT | SIS-P | n = 56 | Baseline | Postintervention (3 months) | Not described | Intervention 71.3 (7.0), control 70.4 (8.1) | Social participation | ||
| Segura et al. [94] | 2006 | Brazil | Research laboratory and community | Prospective, comparative, no control | SIS-P | n = 18 | Baseline | Postintervention (3 months) | PT | 52.9 | Operational | ||
| Singam et al. [95] | 2015 | Sweden | Inpatient | Prospective, longitudinal study | FAI | n = 349 | Poststroke (5 days) | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | OT, PT | 69.4 (13.8) | ICF |
| Stuart et al. [96] | 2009 | Italy | Not stated | Nonrandomized control trial | SIS-P | Intervention n = 40, control n = 38 | Baseline | Postintervention (6 months) | Not described | Intervention 66.8 (1.4), control 70.0 (1.7) | Operational | ||
| Studenski et al. [97] | 2005 | USA | Community | RCT | SIS-P | Intervention n = 44, usual care n = 49 | Baseline | Postintervention | Postintervention (6 months) | Blinded assessor | Intervention 68.5 (9.0), usual care 70.4 (11.3) | Operational | |
| Teoh et al. [98]∗ | 2009 | Australia | Community | Longitudinal cohort study | SIS-P | n = 135 | Baseline | Postbaseline (10 weeks) | Postbaseline (6 months) | Not described | 67.5 (14.3) | Social participation | |
| Tielemans et al. [99] | 2015 | Netherlands | Community | RCT | USER-P | n = 113 | Baseline | Postintervention | Postintervention (3 months) | Postintervention (9 months) | Researcher/research assistant | Self-management 55.2 (8.9), education 58.8 (8.7) | Operational |
| van Mierlo et al. [100]∗ | 2016 | Netherlands | Community | Longitudinal cohort study | USER-P | n = 368 | Poststroke (2 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | Poststroke (24 months) | Researcher/research assistant | 66.8 (12.3) | Operational |
| Vincent-Onabajo et al. [101] | 2014 | Nigeria | Research laboratory and community | Case series | LHS | n = 83 | Poststroke (1 month) | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (9 months and 12 months) | Not described | Male 60.7 (12.4), female 58.1 (12.6) | ICF |
| Viscogliosi et al. [102]∗ | 2011 | Canada | Inpatient and community | Comparative study no controls | LIFE-H | n = 197 | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (9 months) | OT | 76.9 (7.0) | DCP | |
| Worrall et al. [103] | 2017 | Australia | Inpatient and community | Prospective longitudinal cohort study | ALA | n = 58 | Poststroke (3 months) | Poststroke (6 months) | Poststroke (9 months) | Poststroke (12 months) | Not described | 66.1 (13.6) | ICF |
| Yang and Kong [104]∗ | 2013 | Singapore | Inpatient | Prospective observational cohort study | SF-36 | n = 122 | Baseline | Predischarge | OT, PT | 58.2 (10.5) | Operational | ||
Note: ADL: activity of daily living; ALA: assessment for living with aphasia; DCP: disability creation process; FAI: Frenchay activity index; GAS: goal attainment scale; GPS: global positioning system; ICF: International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; IMPACT-P: participation subsection of the ICF measure of participation and activities; IPA: impact on participation and autonomy; LHS: London handicap scale; LIFE-H: assessment of life habits; MAL: motor activity log; MPAI-4: Mayo-Portland adaptability inventory; mRS: modified ranking scale; NEADL: Nottingham extended activities of daily living; NLQ: Nottingham leisure questionnaire; OGQ: occupational gaps questionnaire; PASIPD: physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities; RAND-36: physical function index of the medical outcomes study RND-36 item health survey; RCT: randomized control trial; RNL: reintegration of normal living; RTP: repetitive task practice; SF-36: short form 36; SIS-P: stroke impact scale participation domain; USER-P: Utrecht scale for evaluation of rehabilitation-participation; VR: virtual reality. ∗Cohort studies that statistically tested for changes in participation.