Table 1.
Study population characteristics.
| TMC group (n=58) | TM group (n=61) | Control group (n=61) | |||||||
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| Sex (male /female) [%] | 52 / 48 | 39 / 61 | 44 / 56 | ||||||
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| Age [years] | 44 ± 10 | 45 ± 10 | 47 ± 10 | ||||||
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| Baseline | End of intervention | Δ | Baseline | End of intervention | Δ | Baseline | End | Δ | |
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| Weight [kg] | 98.9 ± 18.7 | 95.8 ± 16.9 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ | -3.1 ± 4.8 ## | 97.9 ± 17.4 | 96.0 ± 16.7 ∗ ∗ | -1.9 ± 4.0 | 101.7 ± 17.7 | 100.8 ± 17.8 | -0.8 ± 3.1 |
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| Body Mass Index [kg/m2] | 32.7 ± 4.6 | 31.7 ± 3.8 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ | -1.0 ± 1.6 ## | 32.9 ± 4.3 | 32.3 ± 4.1 ∗ ∗ | -0.6 ± 1.3 | 34.0 ± 5.3 | 33.8 ± 5.4 | -0.3 ± 1.0 |
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| Waist circumference [cm] | 109 ± 12 | 106 ± 10 ∗ ∗ ∗ | -3 ± 6 | 109 ± 13 | 108 ± 13 ∗ ∗ | -2 ± 4 | 112 ± 13 | 111 ± 14 ∗ | -2 ± 5 |
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| Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 141 ± 24 | 138 ± 24 ∗ | -4 ± 17 | 141 ± 23 | 139 ± 24 | -3 ± 17 | 141 ± 17 | 140 ± 19 | -1 ± 17 |
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| Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 90 ± 13 | 86 ± 12 ∗ | -4 ± 11 | 88 ± 14 | 88 ± 13 | 0 ± 10 | 89 ± 12 | 88 ± 11 | -1 ± 12 |
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| Triglycerides [mg/dl] 1 | 191 ± 120 | 169 ± 94 | -22 ± 77 | 167 ± 83 | 169 ± 153 | -5 ± 115 | 191 ± 119 | 181 ± 127 | -10 ± 62 |
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| Total cholesterol [mg/dl] 1 | 218 ± 33 | 207 ± 33 ∗ | -10 ± 28 | 210 ± 37 | 204 ± 36 ∗ | -5 ± 15 | 225 ± 44 | 226 ± 46 | 1 ± 22 |
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| HDL cholesterol [mg/dl] 1 | 51 ± 15 | 53 ± 15 ∗ | 2 ± 7 | 51 ± 14 | 52 ± 13 | 1 ± 6 | 54 ± 18 | 55 ± 22 | 1 ± 11 |
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| LDL cholesterol [mg/dl] 1 | 135 ± 28 | 130 ± 29 ∗ ∗ | -5 ± 22 | 131 ± 31 | 126 ± 32 ∗ ∗ | -5 ± 14 | 140 ± 39 | 141 ± 41 | 1 ± 18 |
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| HbA1c [%] 1 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 ∗ | -0.1 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.3 |
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| HbA1c 5.7-6.4% [%] | 28 | 21 | 7 | 39 | 33 | 6 | 43 | 43 | 0 |
Shown are means ± standard deviations. Baseline differences had been analyzed by using the Chi square test and the ANOVA test. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was conducted for analysis of differences within all of the groups (∗, p<0.05; ∗∗, p<0.01; ∗∗∗, p<0.001; ∗∗∗∗, p<0.0001). Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used to compare changes after 12 weeks of intervention between the intervention groups and the control group (#, p<0.05; ##, p<0.01; ###, p<0.001; ####, p<0.0001 compared to the control group). Bold written numbers indicate differences that remain statistically significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. 1 missing values: n=6 in the telemedical coaching (TMC) group; n=3 in the telemedical (TM) and in the control group. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C.