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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 15.

Published in final edited form as: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2018 Mar 23;29(1):71–82. doi: 10.1038/s41370-018-0029-x

Table 3.

Percent difference in urinary phthalate metabolite levels by age group, nativity, and length of time in the United States.

	<40 years old		≥40 years old

	n	% Difference (95% CI)	n	% Difference (95% CI)
MEP
US-born	3268	Ref1 ¹	5945	Ref2 ²
Recent immigrant (<10 yr)	575	38.2 (15.1, 66.0)^**	264	19.1 (−6.2, 51.1)
Long-term immigrant (≥10 yr)	546	28.5 (10.4, 49.6)^**	1556	15.0 (0.5, 31.6)^*
MnBP
US-born	3267	Ref1	5947	Ref2
Recent immigrant (<10 yr)	572	10.6 (−2.1, 24.9)	263	11.6 (−4.4, 30.2)
Long-term immigrant (≥10 yr)	545	3.3 (−5.8, 13.3)	1554	11.8 (1.4, 23.2)^*
MiBP
US-born	2927	Ref1	5374	Ref2
Recent immigrant (<10 yr)	500	21.9 (6.6, 39.5)^**	236	41.4 (20.2, 66.4)^**
Long-term immigrant (≥10 yr)	487	15.5 (3.7, 28.7)^**	1372	24.9 (14.0, 36.8)^**
MCPP
US-born	2926	Ref1	5372	Ref2
Recent immigrant (<10 yr)	499	−15.0 (−23.6, −5.4)^**	235	−14.8 (−28.5, 1.4)
Long-term immigrant (≥10 yr)	486	−4.9 (−18.0, 10.3)	1370	−2.7 (−12.6, 8.2)
MBzP
US-born	3268	Ref1	5949	Ref2
Recent immigrant (<10 yr)	575	−29.3 (−38.3, −19.0)^**	264	−36.3 (−47.5, −22.8)^**
Long-term immigrant (≥10 yr)	546	−21.7 (−31.2, −10.9)^**	1556	−16.2 (−23.9, −7.7)^**
ΣDEHP
US-born	2927	Ref1	5374	Ref2
Recent immigrant (<10 yr)	500	−7.5 (−23.0, 11.2)	236	4.3 (−17.3, 31.6)
Long-term immigrant (¹≥10 yr)	487	−7.7 (−18.1, 4.1)	1372	8.1 (−3.0, 20.4)

^*

P < 0.05;

^**

P< 0.01;

¹

Ref1: US-born individuals under age 40;

²

Ref2: US-born individuals aged 40 and older.