Figure 1.

An illustration of how a range of chronic external stimuli that present DAMPs or PAMPs to various TLRs on different cerebral cellular components and thus induce TNF and similar cytokines. These in turn generate P‐tau, α‐synuclein (α‐Syn) and Aβ, proteins known to have the capacity to be secondary DAMPs (i.e. induced by TNF, and also act as a TLR agonist, thereby inducing more TNF). Clinical manifestations and therefore diagnoses vary, but the broad edifice, we argue, rests on a foundation of chronic pro‐inflammatory cytokines generated in this manner.