Table 3.

Physiological endocrine doses of ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3–36) in healthy-weight humans

Hormone	Physiological Dose, pmol·kg−1·min−1	Reference Nos.
Ghrelin	? (<0.3)*	441, 759
CCK	0.2–0.7	54, 297, 433, 435
GLP-1	0.3–0.90†	69, 253, 299, 659
PYY(3–36)	? (<0.2)‡	10, 192, 196, 421

Physiological endocrine doses (pmol·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) are those reported to reproduce the peak plasma levels produced by mixed-nutrient meals [CCK, GLP-1, PYY(3–36) or premeal levels (ghrelin)].

^*In one study, infusion of 0.3 pmol·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ acyl ghrelin increased plasma total ghrelin levels 2.2-fold to about the fasting level (759); in another study, infusion of the same dose after breakfast increased acyl ghrelin 2.4-fold above the fasting level (441); the effects of lower doses have not been reported.

^†Physiological GLP-1 doses are based on across-study comparisons.

^‡Physiological PYY(3–36) doses are based on one study of meals and infusions (196) and separately reported meal and infusion effects (10, 192, 421); effects of doses <0.2 pmol·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ on eating have not been reported.