. 2017 Sep 17;22(9):1539. doi: 10.3390/molecules22091539

Table 1.

In vitro cardiovascular effects of the chemical constituents of essential oils.

Compound	Assay	Concentration	Effects	Reference
Bisabolol	Rat smooth muscle from vascular and non-vascular	1–1000 μmol/L	Relaxation by acting in Ca²⁺ voltagem-dependent channel	[49]
	Porcine splenic artery and coronary artery	3, 10 and 30 μM	Vasodilatation by inhibiting calcium influx	[51]
	Rat thoracic aorta and mesenteric ring	1–1000 μmol/L	Vasorelaxation by acting in Ca²⁺ voltagem-dependent channel	[50]
Borneol	Human internal mammary artery	Phytotherapic preparation enriched with borneol (1 mg/mL)	Vasorelaxation with and without endothelium	[56]
Borneol	Rat thoracic aorta artery	10⁻⁹ to 3 × 10⁻⁴ M	Vasorelaxant effect, probably by potassium channels activation, reduction in calcium influx and inhibition of calcium mobilization from intracellular stores	[55]
Carvacrol	Rat thoracic aorta artery	1, 10 and 100 μmol L⁻¹	Vasorelaxant effect via inhibition of ROS and stimulation of NOS	[52]
	Rat Cerebral and cerebellar pial Arteries	10 and 30 μM	Vasodilatation by increase on calcium influx, by activating TRPV3 channel	[13]
	Rat superior mesenteric artery	10⁻⁸ to 3 × 10⁻⁴ M	Vasorelaxation by inhibition calcium influx through the L-type Cav, ROC and SOC channels	[53]
	Atria isolates	10 μM and 100 μM	Negative inotropic and chronotropic effect	[53]
Carvone	Rat thoracic aorta	100 μM	Vasorelaxation by blocking calcium influx through VDDC	[60]
Carvone	Rat thoracic aorta and trachea of guinea pigs	10⁻⁶ to 3 × 10⁻⁴ M	Vasorelaxant effect	[61]
	Rat thoracic aorta	10⁻⁷, 10⁻⁶, 10⁻⁵, and 10⁻⁴ g/mL	Vasodilatory effect by inhibiting both Ca²⁺ influx and Ca²⁺ release	[43]
	Porcine coronary artery	32–320 μM	Vasorelaxation by inhibiting Ca²⁺ sensitivity and Ca²⁺ influx	[42]
	Ventricular cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells	0.01–1000 μM	Vasorelaxing action by inhibiting L-type Ca²⁺ channels and possible participation of TRPA1	[44]
Cinnamaldehyde	Rat aorta artery and Human	10 μM	Prevents endothelial dysfunction by attenuating ROS generation and
	umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)		preserving nitric oxide levels and Nrf2 activation and the up-regulation of downstream target proteins	[40]
Cinnamic acid	Rat thoracic Aorta	0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.4 mM, 1 mM, and 2 mM	Vasodilation via the NO–cGMP-PKG pathway, which stimulates Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels	[46]
Cinnamyl alcohol	Rat thoracic aorta artery	0.2 mM, 0.4 mM, 0.6 mM, 1 mM or 1.5 mM	Vasodilation by activation of K⁺ channels and inhibition of Rho-kinase, which inhibit Ca²⁺ sensitization via the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway	[47]
Citral (= geranial + neral)	Rat thoracic Aorta artery	0.6 to 6 mM	Vasorelaxation by reduced the calcium influx by the blockade of voltage dependent L-type Ca²⁺ channels	[68]
Eugenol	Rat atria Muscle	1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mM	Increase in resting tension by cooperative activation of cardiac thin filaments by strongly attached cross-bridges (rigor state)	[63]
	Rat atria Muscle	1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mM	Increase in resting tension by cooperative activation of cardiac thin filaments by strongly attached cross-bridges (rigor state)
	Rat thoracic aorta artery	1, 10 and 100 μmol L⁻¹	Vasorelaxant effect via inhibition of ROS and stimulation of NOS	[52]
	Rat thoracic aorta artery	100 μM	Vasorelaxation by inhibiting ROS and elevating NO	[60]
	Rat cerebral artery	100 μM	Vasorelaxation by inhibiting voltage-dependent Ca²⁺	[63]
Farnesene	Porcine splenic artery and coronary artery	3, 10 and 30 μM	Vasodilatation by inhibiting calcium influx	[51]
Limonene	Rat thoracic aorta and trachea of guinea pigs	10⁻⁶ to 3 × 10⁻⁴ M	Vasorelaxant effect	[61]
Linalool	Rat thoracic aorta	500 μM	Vasorelaxation by activating sGC and K⁺ channels and by inhibiting Ca²⁺ influx	[73]
Linalool	Rat thoracic aorta	100 μM	Vasorelaxation by blocking voltage dependent calcium channel (VDCC) and elevating NO	[60]
Linalyl acetate	The mouse vascular smooth muscle cell line MOVAS-1 (MOVAS) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell line EA.hy926 (EA)	0.01% v/v	Increase the intracellular K⁺ levels	[74]
Menthol	Rat aorta, mesenteric and coronary arteries	0.01-1 mM	Vasorelaxation through inhibiting Ca²⁺ influx via nifedipine-sensitive Ca²⁺ channels in vascular smooth muscle	[76]
N-Butylidenephtalide	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	20–50 μg/mL	Anti-angiogenic activities by increase of maintaining cell cycle on G0–G1 phase, and promoting apoptosis	[77]
Rotundifolone	Rat superior mesenteric artery	10⁻⁷ to 3 × 10⁻³ M	Vasorelaxation through activation of BK_Ca channels and by the inhibition of Ca²⁺ entry through L-type Ca²⁺ channels	[81]