Table 4.

Essential oils’ toxicity against Anopheles sp. adults.

Plant Species	Plant Organ	Extraction Method	Mosquito	Methods	LC50 (mg/L)	LD50 (µg/g Mosquito)	LC95 (mg/mat)	LC99 (mg/L)	Ref.
* Deltamethrin			An. gambiae	TA		0.003			[76]
* Permethrin			An. gambiae	TA		0.6			[76]
Apium graveolens L.	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		600.0			[76]
Apium graveolens L.	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		4.5			[76]
Apium graveolens L.	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		18.0			[76]
Apium graveolens L.	seed	NI	An. gambiae	TA		6.6			[76]
Artemisia absinthium	NI	NI	An. gambia	TA		12.0			[76]
Cedrus sp.	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		3.8			[76]
Chenopodium ambrosioides	Leafy stems	Hydrod.	An. gambiae	WHOTK	0.9			2.1	[77]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Bark	Hydrod.	An. stephensi	MA			286.2		[36]
Cinnamomun zeylanicum	bark	NS	An. gambiae	TA		2.1			[76]
Cinnamomun zeylanicum	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		2.9			[76]
Citrus sinensis	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		11.1			[76]
Cochlospermum planchonii	Root	Hydrod.	An. gambiae	WHOTK	2.3			7.6	[77]
Cuminum cyminum	Seed	Hydrod.	An. stephensi	MA			305.2		[36]
Curcuma longa	Rhizome	Hydrod.	An. stephensi	MA			302.6		[36]
Cymbopogon citratus	Leaf	Hydrod.	An. gambiae	WHO test kits	0.2			0.4	[77]
Cymbopogon citratus	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		3			[76]
Cymbopogon schoenanthus	Leafy stems	Hydrod.	An. gambiae	WHOTK	1.57			2.7	[77]
Cymbopogon winterianus	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		3.9			[76]
Eucalyptus tereticornis	Leaf	Hydrod.	An. gambiae	WHOTK	0.148			1.4	[77]
Gaultheria procumbens	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		11.1			[76]
Juniperus virginiana	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		7.7			[76]
Litsea cubeba	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		4.0			[76]
Mentha piperita	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		6.8			[76]
Myristica fragrans	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		10.5			[76]
Ocimum basilicum	Leaf	Hydrod.	An. stephensi	MA			316.4		[36]
Origanum vulgare	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		1.6			[76]
Pelargonium graveolens	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		2.6			[76]
Petroselinum crispum	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		5.0			[76]
Pimpinella anisum	Seed	Hydrod.	An. stephensi	MA			378.5		[36]
Piper nigrum	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		8			[76]
Rosmarinus officinalis	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		31			[76]
Rosmarinus officinalis	Shoot	Hydrod.	An. stephensi	MA			282.6		[36]
Sassafras sp.	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		10			[76]
Sesamum indicum	NI	NI	An. gambiae	TA		5.9			[76]
Syzygium aromaticum	leaf	NI	An. gambiae	TA		1.5			[76]

* Chemical Positive controls; NI: Information is not available; TA = Topical application; MA = Mat machine, WHOTK = WHO test kits, LC₅₀, LC₉₅ and LC₉₉ were Lethal Concentration that killed 50%, 95% and 99% adults mosquitoes LC₅₀, LC₉₅ and LC₉₉ were Lethal Concentration that killed 50%, 95% and 99% adults mosquitoes LC₅₀, LC₉₅ and LC₉₉ were Lethal Concentration that killed 50%, 95% and 99% adults mosquitoes, LD 50 was Lethal Dose that killed 50% of adults mosquitoes.